CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT REQUESTED PURSUANT TO 17 C.F.R. §200.83

 

As submitted confidentially with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 4, 2021

This draft registration statement has not been publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and all information herein remains strictly confidential.

Registration No. 333-            

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

ARRIVAL

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

 

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg		3711		98-1569771
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1, rue Peternelchen

L-2370 Howald,

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

+352 621 266 815

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

Daniel Chin

General Counsel

1, rue Peternelchen

L-2370 Howald

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Tel: +352 621 266 815

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

Copies to:

 

Frank R. Adams, Esq. Faiza Rahman, Esq. Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP 767 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10153 Tel: (212) 310-8000 Fax: (212) 310-8007		Byron B. Rooney, Esq. Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP 450 Lexington Avenue New York, New York 10017 Tel: (212) 450-4000

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 (as amended, the “Securities Act”), check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer		☐		Accelerated filer		☐
Non-accelerated filer		☒		Smaller reporting company		☐
				Emerging growth company		☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

Title of each class of securities to be registered		Amount to be registered				Proposed maximum offering price per share				Proposed maximum aggregate offering price				Amount of registration fee
Primary Offering Ordinary Shares, with a nominal value of €0.10 per share				(1)		$		(2)		$				$
Secondary Offering Ordinary Shares, with a nominal value of €0.10 per share				(3)		$		(4)		$				$

(1)

Consists of (i)                 Ordinary Shares, with a nominal value of €0.10 per share (“Ordinary Shares”) of Arrival, a joint stock company (société anonyme) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (the “Company”). Includes Ordinary Shares subject to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

(2)	Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Includes the offering price of                additional Ordinary Shares that the underwriters have the option to purchase. See “Underwriting.”

(3)	Consists of                  shares of Class A common stock registered for sale by the selling securityholders named in this registration statement. Includes Ordinary Shares subject to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

(4)	Estimated solely to calculate the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(c) of the Securities Act on the basis of the average of the high ($        ) and low ($        ) sales prices of the Ordinary Shares as reported on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC on             , 2021.

 

 

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. Neither we nor the selling securityholders may sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

Subject to Completion, dated            , 2021

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

 

                ORDINARY SHARES and

                ORDINARY SHARES

Offered by Selling Securityholders

We are offering a total of                common shares with a nominal value of €0.10 (the “Ordinary Shares”). The selling securityholders identified in this prospectus (the “Selling Securityholders”) are offering a total of                Ordinary Shares. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Ordinary Shares by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus. On                 , 2021, the last reported sale price of our Ordinary Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC was                . The final public offering price will be determined through negotiation between us and the lead underwriters in the offering and the recent market price used throughout the prospectus may not be indicative of the final offering price. Our Ordinary Shares are listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ARVL.”

Kinetik S.à r.l., our majority shareholder, owns 74.67% of the Ordinary Shares and has the right to propose for appointment a majority of our board of directors until it owns less than 30% of the Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, we are a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules and are eligible for certain exemptions from these rules.

We are a “foreign private issuer” under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules and an “emerging growth company” as that term is defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”) and are eligible for reduced public company disclosure requirements.

You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement or amendment carefully before you invest in our securities. Investing in the Company’s securities involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 13 of this prospectus.

Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

		Per Share				Total
Public offering price		$				$
Underwriting discount(1)		$				$
Proceeds, before expenses, to us		$				$
Proceeds, before expenses, to the Selling Securityholders		$				$

 

(1)	We refer you to “Underwriting,” beginning on page 126 of this prospectus, for additional information regarding total underwriter compensation.

We and the Selling Securityholders identified in this prospectus have granted the underwriters the right for 30 days from the date of this prospectus to purchase up to an additional                Ordinary Shares, at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares against payment in New York, New York on         , 2021.

 

 

 

Goldman Sachs International		Barclays		Cowen

 

 

PROSPECTUS DATED             , 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

		Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS			i
EXCHANGE RATE PRESENTATION			ii
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT IFRS AND NON-IFRS FINANCIAL MEASURES			ii
INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA			iii
FREQUENTLY USED TERMS			iv
CONVENTIONS WHICH APPLY TO THIS PROSPECTUS			v
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			v
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY			1
THE OFFERING			10
SELECTED SUMMARY HISTORICAL FINANCIAL DATA OF ARRIVAL			12
RISK FACTORS			13
USE OF PROCEEDS			58
DIVIDEND POLICY			59
DILUTION			60
CAPITALIZATION			62
BUSINESS			63
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS			82
BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT			99
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES			107
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS			111
PRINCIPAL AND SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS			112
DESCRIPTION OF INDEBTEDNESS			114
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE			115
MATERIAL LUXEMBOURG INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS			118
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS			120
UNDERWRITING			126
EXPENSES RELATED TO THE OFFERING			133
SERVICE OF PROCESS AND ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES UNDER U.S. SECURITIES LAWS			133
LEGAL MATTERS			133
EXPERTS			133
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION			134
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS			F-1
PART II. INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS			II-1

CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT REQUESTED PURSUANT TO 17 C.F.R. §200.83

 

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus, any amendment or supplement to this prospectus or any free writing prospectus prepared by or on our behalf. Any amendment or supplement may also add, update or change information included in this prospectus. Any statement contained in this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in such amendment or supplement modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified will be deemed to constitute a part of this prospectus only as so modified, and any statement so superseded will be deemed not to constitute a part of this prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

None of us, the Selling Securityholders or the underwriters have authorized any other person to provide you with different or additional information. None of us, the Selling Securityholders or the underwriters take responsibility for, nor can we or they provide assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may provide. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus or such other date stated in this prospectus, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or prospects may have changed since those dates. This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described in this prospectus, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to in this prospectus have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

None of us, the Selling Securityholders or the underwriters are making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. Except as otherwise set forth in this prospectus, none of us, the Selling Securityholders or the underwriters have taken any action to permit a public offering of these securities outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of these securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

This prospectus contains references to our trademarks and to trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus, including logos, artwork and other visual displays may appear without the ^® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade name or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

Certain amounts that appear in this prospectus may not sum due to rounding.

CONCURRENT CONVERTIBLE NOTES OFFERING

Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering

Concurrently with this offering, we are offering $        aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due                (the “Convertible Notes”) to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act (the “Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering”). In addition, we intend to grant the initial purchasers an option to purchase, for settlement within a period of 30 days, up to an additional $        aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes will be issued pursuant to an indenture, among the Company and                , as trustee. The Convertible Notes will bear cash interest at an annual rate of                % payable on                 and                 of each year, beginning on                , and will mature on                unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The conversion rate for the Convertible

 

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Notes will initially be                Ordinary Shares per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $        per Ordinary Share), subject to adjustment if certain events occur. Before the close of business on the business day immediately preceding                , holders will have the right to convert their Convertible Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. On or after                , holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, Ordinary Shares or a combination of cash and Ordinary Shares, at our election. The Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, for cash at our option at any time, and from time to time, on or after                 and on or before the 41st scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per Ordinary Share has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for a specified period of time. The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a “fundamental change,” which term includes certain change of control transactions, holders may require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

In connection with the pricing of the Convertible Notes, we may enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions with one or more of the initial purchasers and/or their respective affiliates, pursuant to certain capped call confirmations (the “Capped Call Transactions”). The Capped Call Transactions cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the Convertible Notes, the number of ordinary shares of common stock initially underlying the Convertible Notes. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilutive effect on our Ordinary Shares and/or to offset any cash payments in excess of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes due, in each case, upon conversion of the Convertible Notes.

The Capped Call Transactions are separate transactions entered into by us, are not part of the terms of the Convertible Notes and will not change the holders’ rights under the Convertible Notes. Holders of the Convertible Notes will not have any rights with respect to the Capped Call Transactions.

This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities being offered in the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering. We cannot assure you that the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering will be completed or, if completed, on what terms it will be completed. The completion of the offering described in this prospectus is not contingent on the completion of the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering (nor is the completion of the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering contingent on the completion of this offering).

EXCHANGE RATE PRESENTATION

Certain amounts described in this prospectus have been expressed in U.S. dollar for convenience and, when expressed in U.S. dollar in the future, such amounts may be different from those set forth in this prospectus due to intervening exchange rate fluctuations.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT IFRS AND NON-IFRS FINANCIAL MEASURES

The historical financial statements of Arrival have been prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. However, the historical financial statements also include Adjusted EBITDA, which Arrival utilizes to assess the financial performance of its business and is not a measure recognized under IFRS. This non-IFRS measure should not be considered as an alternative to performance measures as determined in accordance with IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers.

 

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INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

In this prospectus, we present industry data, information and statistics regarding the markets in which Arrival competes as well as Arrival’s analysis of statistics, data and other information provided by third parties relating to markets, market sizes, market shares, market positions and other industry data pertaining to Arrival’s business and markets (collectively, “Industry Analysis”). Such information is supplemented where necessary with Arrival’s own internal estimates and information obtained from discussions with its customers, taking into account publicly available information about other industry participants and Arrival’s management’s judgment where information is not publicly available. This information appears in “Prospectus Summary,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and other sections of this prospectus.

Industry publications, research, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this prospectus. These forecasts and forward-looking information are subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described under “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in any forecasts or estimates.

 

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FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, references to the “Company” are to the joint stock company (société anonyme) Arrival (formerly Arrival Group), whereas references to “Arrival” are to Arrival Luxembourg SARL prior to the closing of the Business Combination (as defined herein) and to the Company and its subsidiaries following the closing of the Business Combination (as defined herein).

In this prospectus:

“Adjusted EBITDA” represents earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization, adjusted for impairment of intangible assets and financial assets, share option expenses, listing expense, fair value adjustments on Warrants, reversal of difference between fair value and nominal value of loans that got repaid, foreign exchange gains/losses and transaction bonuses. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-IFRS measure and a reconciliation to profit for the year, its most directly comparable IFRS measure, is included in “Prospectus Summary” together with an explanation of why we consider Adjusted EBITDA useful.

“Arrival” means (a) Arrival Luxembourg SARL with respect to the periods prior the Closing and (b) to the Company and its subsidiaries following the Closing.

“Arrival Luxembourg SARL” means Arrival Luxembourg SARL (formerly Arrival S.à r.l.), a limited liability company (société à responsabilité limitée) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg having its registered office at 1, rue Peternelchen, L-2370 Howald, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, registered with the Luxembourg register of commerce and companies (Registre de Commerce et des Sociétés de Luxembourg) under number B 200789.

“Arrival Ordinary Shares” means ordinary shares of Arrival, with a nominal value of EUR 0.25 per share.

“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Business Combination” means the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement.

“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of November 18, 2020, as may be amended, by and among CIIG, Arrival, the Company, and Merger Sub.

“CIIG” refers to Arrival Vault US, Inc. (formerly CIIG Merger Corp.), a Delaware corporation.

“CIIG Class A Common Stock” means CIIG’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

“CIIG Class B Common Stock” means CIIG’s Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

“CIIG Common Stock” means the CIIG Class A Common Stock and the CIIG Class B Common Stock, collectively.

“Closing” means the consummation of the Business Combination.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

“Company” means Arrival (formerly Arrival Group), a joint stock company (société anonyme) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg having its registered office at 1, rue Peternelchen L-2370 Howald, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, registered with the Luxembourg register of commerce and companies (Registre de Commerce et des Sociétés de Luxembourg) under number B 248209.

“EVs” means electric vehicles.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“GAAP” means United States generally accepted accounting principles.

 

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“ICE” means internal combustion engine.

“IPO” means CIIG’s initial public offering of units, consummated on December 17, 2019.

“ISO” means the International Standards Organization.

“Merger” means the merging of ARSNL Merger Sub Inc. with and into CIIG, with CIIG surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. In connection therewith, CIIG’s corporate name changed to “Arrival Vault US, Inc.”

“Merger Effective Time” means the time at which the merger certificate was filed on March 24, 2021.

“Merger Sub” means ARSNL Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation.

“Nasdaq” means The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

“OEMs” means original equipment manufacturers.

“Public Warrants” means the warrants included in the units sold in the IPO, each of which is exercisable for one share of CIIG Class A Common Stock, in accordance with its terms.

“Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement” means that certain agreement entered into on March 24, 2021 by the Company and certain stockholders of CIIG and certain shareholders of Arrival.

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Warrant Agreement” means the warrant agreement, dated December 12, 2019, by and between CIIG and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, governing CIIG’s warrants.

“Warrants” mean the former CIIG warrants converted at the Merger Effective Time into a right to acquire one Ordinary Share on substantially the same terms as were in effect immediately prior to the Merger Effective Time under the terms of the Warrant Agreement, which was assigned to and assumed by the Company pursuant to that certain Assignment, Assumption and Amendment Agreement dated as of March  24, 2021.

CONVENTIONS WHICH APPLY TO THIS PROSPECTUS

In this prospectus, unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires:

“$,” “USD” and “U.S. dollar” each refers to the United States dollar; and

“€,” “EUR” and “euro” each refers to the lawful currency of certain participating member states of the European Union.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Some of the statements in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements that do not directly or exclusively relate to historical facts. You should not place undue reliance on such statements because they are subject to numerous uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. The U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking information to encourage companies to provide prospective information about themselves. We rely on this safe harbor in making these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, including descriptions of our business strategy. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “could,” “may,” “would,” “should,” “intend,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “will,” “expect,” “estimate,” “project,” “positioned,” “strategy,”

 

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“outlook” and similar expressions and include, among other statements, statements regarding our expected timelines for developing and producing vehicles, expectations as to capital investment requirements, our ability to effectively scale our operations globally, expectations as to total cost of ownership and cost savings to customers and our market opportunity. All such forward-looking statements involve estimates and assumptions that are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expressed in the statements. Among the key factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements are the following:

 

•

the ability to maintain the listing of the Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq;

 

•

changes in applicable laws or regulations;

 

•

the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the potential impact of the emergence of variants of COVID-19, on Arrival’s business;

 

•

the ability to implement business plans, forecasts, and other expectations, and identify and realize additional opportunities;

 

•

the ability to raise additional capital necessary to execute its business plan, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all;

 

•

the ability to control expenses and capital expenditures in order to execute on our business plan on time;

 

•

the risk of downturns and the possibility of rapid change in the highly competitive industry in which Arrival operates;

 

•

the risk that Arrival and its current and future collaborators are unable to successfully develop and commercialize Arrival’s products or services, or experience significant delays in doing so;

 

•

the risk that we may never achieve or sustain profitability;

 

•

the risk that we experience difficulties in managing our growth and expanding operations;

 

•

the risk that third-party suppliers and manufacturers are not able to fully and timely meet their obligations;

 

•

the risk that the utilization of microfactories will not provide the expected benefits due to, among other things, the inability to locate appropriate buildings to use as microfactories, microfactories needing a larger than anticipated factory footprint, and the inability of Arrival to deploy microfactories in the anticipated time frame;

 

•

that Arrival has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting which, if not corrected, could affect the reliability of Arrival’s financial statements;

 

•

the risk that Arrival is unable to secure or protect its intellectual property; and

 

•

the possibility that Arrival may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors.

These and other factors are more fully discussed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. These risks could cause actual results to differ materially from those implied by forward-looking statements in this prospectus.

You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements that speak only as of the date hereof. New risks and uncertainties come up from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict these events or how they may affect us. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date of this prospectus, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. In light of these risks and uncertainties, you should keep in mind that any event described in a forward-looking statement made in this prospectus or elsewhere might not occur.

 

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in the Company’s securities carries a significant degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks and other information in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before you decide to purchase the Company’s securities. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are not presently aware or that we currently deem immaterial could also affect our business operations and financial condition. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially affected. As a result, the trading price of the Company’s securities could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Arrival

Arrival is an early stage company with a history of losses, and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.

Arrival has incurred losses in the operation of its business related to research and development activities since its inception. Arrival anticipates that its expenses will increase and that it will continue to incur losses in the future until at least the time it begins significant deliveries of its vehicles, which is not expected to occur before 2022. Even if Arrival is able to successfully develop and sell or lease its vehicles, there can be no assurance that the vehicles will be commercially successful and achieve or sustain profitability.

Arrival expects the rate at which it will incur losses to be significantly higher in future periods as it, among other things, designs, develops and manufactures its vehicles; deploys its microfactories; builds up inventories of parts and components for its vehicles; increases its sales and marketing activities, develops its distribution infrastructure; and increases its general and administrative functions to support its growing operations. Arrival may find that these efforts are more expensive than it currently anticipates or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase Arrival’s losses.

Arrival has a limited operating history and has not yet manufactured or sold any production vehicles to customers and may never develop or manufacture any vehicles.

Arrival was incorporated in October 2015 and has a limited operating history in the automobile industry, which is continuously evolving. Arrival vehicles are in the development stage and Arrival does not expect its first vehicle to be produced until at least the second quarter of 2022, if at all. Arrival has no experience as an organization in high volume manufacturing of the planned EVs. Arrival cannot assure you that it or its partners will be able to develop efficient, automated, cost-efficient manufacturing capability and processes, and reliable sources of component supplies that will enable Arrival to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards, as well as the production volumes, required to successfully mass market its EVs. You should consider Arrival’s business and prospects in light of the risks and significant challenges it faces as a new entrant into its industry, including, among other things, with respect to its ability to:

 

•

design and produce safe, reliable and quality vehicles on an ongoing basis;

 

•

obtain the necessary regulatory approvals in a timely manner;

 

•

build a well-recognized and respected brand;

 

•

establish and expand its customer base;

 

•

successfully market not just Arrival’s vehicles but also the other services it intends to provide;

 

•

properly price its services, including its charging solutions, financing and lease options, and successfully anticipate the take-rate and usage of such services by users;

 

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•

successfully service its vehicles after sales and maintain a good flow of spare parts and customer goodwill;

 

•

improve and maintain its operational efficiency;

 

•

successfully execute its microfactory production model and maintain a reliable, secure, high-performance and scalable technology infrastructure at costs that enable it to remain competitive;

 

•

predict its future revenues and appropriately budget for its expenses;

 

•

obtain sufficient capital to support production needs;

 

•

attract, retain and motivate talented employees;

 

•

anticipate trends that may emerge and affect its business;

 

•

anticipate and adapt to changing market conditions, including technological developments and changes in competitive landscape; and

 

•

navigate an evolving and complex regulatory environment.

If Arrival fails to adequately address any or all of these risks and challenges, its business may be materially and adversely affected.

Arrival’s forecasted operating and financial results rely in large part upon assumptions and analyses developed by Arrival. If these assumptions and analyses prove to be incorrect, Arrival’s actual operating and financial results may be significantly below its forecasts.

Whether actual operating and financial results and business developments will be consistent with Arrival’s expectations and assumptions as reflected in its forecast depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside Arrival’s control, including, but not limited to:

 

•

whether Arrival can obtain sufficient capital to begin and support its production needs, execute its business plan and grow its business;

 

•

whether Arrival can control its costs and capital expenditures needed to execute its business plan;

 

•

Arrival’s ability to manage its growth;

 

•

whether Arrival can manage relationships with key suppliers;

 

•

whether Arrival can rapidly deploy its microfactories and successfully execute its production methodologies in such microfactories (including its robotic assembly process and composite manufacturing);

 

•

the ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals;

 

•

demand for Arrival products and services;

 

•

whether Arrival can achieve its expected pricing for its products and services;

 

•

the timing and costs of new and existing marketing and promotional efforts;

 

•

competition, including from established and future competitors;

 

•

Arrival’s ability to retain existing key management, to integrate recent hires and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel;

 

•

the overall strength and stability of the economies in the markets in which it operates or intends to operate in the future; and

 

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regulatory, legislative and political changes;

 

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Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond Arrival’s control, could materially and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial results. For example, on August 12, 2021, we revised expectations related to costs for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021 as a result of increases in Adjusted EBITDA loss and capital expenditures, and information related to non-binding letters of intent as well as the production of Arrival Van, both of which require accelerated production costs and capital expenditures with respect to our microfactories to meet this increased demand for vehicles. Such revisions could materially adversely impact the trading price of Ordinary Shares, reduce investor confidence or expose us to risks related to litigation, investigations or similar actions.

In addition, Arrival’s production methodologies (including robotic assembly processes and composite manufacturing) are still being tested and its assumptions may not be accurate. If Arrival is unable to successfully implement its production methodologies, or the assumptions on which such production methodologies are based prove to be incorrect, Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be adversely effected.

Arrival needs to raise additional funds, and these funds may not be available to it when it needs them, or may only be available on unfavorable terms. As a result, Arrival may be unable to meet its future capital requirements which would limit its ability to grow and jeopardize its ability to execute its business plan or continue its business operations.

The design, production, sale and servicing of Arrival’s EVs is capital-intensive. Arrival needs to raise additional funds, including through this contemplated offering of securities and from other sources, to execute its current near-term and long-term business plan and production timeline, as well as to maintain its ongoing operations, continue research, development and design efforts and improve infrastructure. Arrival may raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities or through obtaining credit from government or financial institutions. Arrival cannot be certain that additional funds will be available to it on favorable terms when required, or at all.

In addition, Arrival expects its capital expenditure and working capital requirements to increase substantially in the near future, as it begins to produce its vehicle platforms, develop its customer support and marketing infrastructure and continue its research and development efforts. If Arrival cannot raise additional funds when it needs them, its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected, and if Arrival receives less proceeds from this contemplated offering than anticipated or from the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering, or both of them, then Arrival will be required to raise additional funds in order to execute our current near-term business plan. For example, if Arrival is unable to secure additional capital, Arrival may be required to curtail development and tooling of its microfactories and take additional measures to reduce costs in order to conserve cash, including reducing the number of vehicles and planned microfactories to start production in 2022. Such measures would delay when we commence generating revenue and, in turn, when we expect to commence generating positive cash flow. Delays in the building of Arrival’s microfactories will, in turn, delay the production of Arrival vehicles, which is critical to the realization of Arrival’s business plan, while reductions in expenditures could negatively impact our relationships with its suppliers.

In addition, if Arrival raises funds through further issuances of equity and/or equity-linked securities, dilution to its stockholders would result. Any equity or equity-linked securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of Arrival’s Ordinary Shares. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings, if available, could impose significant restrictions on Arrival’s operations and could involve additional restrictive covenants relating to Arrival’s capital raising activities, which may make it more difficult for Arrival to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities.

 

 

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While Arrival has received orders for vehicles, the period of time from the receipt of orders to implementation and delivery is long, potentially spanning over several months, and the orders are subject to the risks of cancellation or postponement of the orders.

Arrival vehicles are in the development stage and Arrival does not expect its first vehicle to be produced until at least the second quarter of 2022, if at all. Even after Arrival begins production of its vehicles, due to the nature of large commercial fleet orders, the anticipated lead time between receipt of orders for Arrival’s EVs and implementation and delivery of its EVs is long, potentially spanning over several months. Given this anticipated lead time, there is a heightened risk that customers that have ordered vehicles may not ultimately take delivery due to potential changes in customer preferences, competitive developments and other factors. As a result, no assurance can be made that orders will not be cancelled or postponed, or that orders will ultimately result in the purchase or lease of EVs. Any cancellations or postponements could harm Arrival’s financial condition, business, prospects and operating results. Currently no customers have paid deposits or will be required to pay any penalties for cancellations, or, other than UPS, LeasePlan or Anaheim Transportation Network, have made any commitments to purchase Arrival vehicles. Arrival anticipates contracting with customers on terms which require the payment of a deposit and are not cancellable for convenience; however, in certain cases, Arrival and a customer may agree to commercial terms which include (amongst other things) the ability for the customer to modify or terminate the vehicle order and the parties may agree that a deposit is not required.

In addition, Arrival’s business model is initially focused on building relationships with commercial bus, van and car fleet customers. Even if Arrival is able to obtain binding orders, customers may limit their volume of purchases initially as they assess Arrival’s vehicles and whether to make a broader transition to EVs. This may be a long process and will depend on the safety, reliability, efficiency and quality of Arrival’s vehicles, as well as the support and service that Arrival offers. It will also depend on factors outside of Arrival’s control, such as general market conditions and broader trends in fleet management and vehicle electrification, which could impact customer buying decisions. As a result, there is significant uncertainty regarding demand for Arrival’s products and the pace and levels of growth that Arrival will be able to achieve.

Arrival’s growth is dependent upon the willingness of operators of commercial vehicle fleets and small to medium sized businesses to adopt EVs and on Arrival’s ability to produce, sell and service vehicles that meet their needs. If the market for commercial EVs does not develop as Arrival expects or develops slower than Arrival expects, Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be adversely affected.

Arrival’s growth is dependent upon the adoption of EVs by operators of commercial vehicle fleets and on Arrival’s ability to produce, sell and service vehicles that meet their needs. The entry of commercial EVs into the medium-duty commercial vehicle market is a relatively new development, particularly in the United States, and is characterized by rapidly changing technologies and evolving government regulation, industry standards and customer views of the merits of using EVs in their businesses. This process has been slow to date. As part of Arrival’s sales efforts, Arrival must educate fleet managers as to what Arrival believes are the economical savings during the life of the vehicle and the lower “total cost of ownership” of Arrival’s vehicles. As such, Arrival believes that operators of commercial vehicle fleets will consider many factors when deciding whether to purchase Arrival’s commercial EVs (or commercial EVs generally) or vehicles powered by ICE, particularly diesel-fueled or natural gas-fueled vehicles. Arrival believes these factors include:

 

•

the difference in the initial purchase prices of commercial EVs with comparable vehicles powered by ICE, both including and excluding the effect of government and other subsidies and incentives designed to promote the purchase of EVs;

 

•

the total cost of ownership of the vehicle over its expected life, which includes the initial purchase price and ongoing operating and maintenance costs;

 

•

the availability and terms of financing options for purchases of vehicles and, for commercial EVs, financing options for battery systems;

 

 

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•

the availability of tax and other governmental incentives to purchase and operate EVs and future regulations requiring increased use of nonpolluting vehicles;

 

•

government regulations and economic incentives promoting fuel efficiency and alternate forms of energy;

 

•

fuel prices, including volatility in the cost of diesel or a prolonged period of low gasoline and natural gas costs that could decrease incentives to transition to EVs;

 

•

the cost and availability of other alternatives to diesel fueled vehicles, such as vehicles powered by natural gas;

 

•

corporate sustainability initiatives;

 

•

commercial EV quality, performance and safety (particularly with respect to lithium-ion battery packs);

 

•

the quality and availability of service for the vehicle, including the availability of replacement parts;

 

•

the limited range over which commercial EVs may be driven on a single battery charge;

 

•

access to charging stations and related infrastructure costs, and standardization of EV charging systems;

 

•

electric grid capacity and reliability; and

 

•

macroeconomic factors.

If, in weighing these factors, operators of commercial vehicle fleets determine that there is not a compelling business justification for purchasing commercial EVs, particularly those that Arrival will produce and sell, then the market for commercial EVs may not develop as Arrival expects or may develop more slowly than Arrival expects, which would adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

In addition, any reduction, elimination or selective application of tax and other governmental incentives and subsidies because of policy changes, the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of the EV, fiscal tightening or other reasons may result in the diminished competitiveness of the EV industry generally or Arrival’s EVs in particular, which would adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Further, Arrival cannot assure that the current governmental incentives and subsidies available for purchasers of EVs will remain available.

The orders from UPS, LeasePlan and Anaheim Transportation Network constitute all of the current orders for Arrival vehicles. If these orders are cancelled, modified or delayed, Arrival’s prospects, results of operations, liquidity and cash flow will be materially adversely affected.

The UPS order for 10,000 vehicles (with a UPS option to purchase up to an additional 10,000 vehicles), the LeasePlan agreement for 3,000 vehicles and the Anaheim Transportation Network agreement constitute the only agreements in place with respect to the order of Arrival vehicles. The vehicle volumes to be purchased pursuant to the UPS, LeasePlan and Anaheim Transportation Network orders may be modified or cancelled by UPS, LeasePlan or Anaheim Transportation Network, respectively. If the UPS, LeasePlan or Anaheim Transportation Network order is cancelled or modified, or any other arrangements are terminated, and Arrival has not received additional orders from other customers, its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially adversely affected.

Certain of Arrival’s strategic, development and deployment arrangements could be terminated or may not materialize into long-term contract partnership arrangements and may restrict or limit Arrival from developing EVs with other strategic partners.

Arrival has arrangements with strategic, development and deployment partners and collaborators. Some of these arrangements are evidenced by memorandums of understanding, non-binding orders or letters of intent, early

 

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stage agreements that are used for design and development purposes but will require renegotiation at later stages of development or production or master agreements that have yet to be implemented under separately negotiated statements of work, each of which could be terminated or may not materialize into next-stage contracts or long-term contract partnership arrangements. In addition, Arrival does not currently have arrangements in place that will allow it to fully execute its business plan, including, without limitation, final supply and manufacturing agreements and fleet service and management agreements. Moreover, existing or future arrangements may contain limitations on Arrival’s ability to enter into strategic, development and deployment arrangements with other partners. For example, the Collaboration Framework Agreement with HKMC, pursuant to which Arrival and Hyundai have agreed, among things to jointly develop vehicles using Arrival’s technologies, prevents Arrival from developing EVs with other traditional OEMs until November 3, 2022. If Arrival is unable to maintain such arrangements and agreements, or if such agreements or arrangements contain other restrictions from or limitations on developing EVs with other strategic partners, its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

Arrival’s ability to execute its microfactory production model on a large scale is unproven, still evolving and dependent on Arrival’s ability to raise sufficient capital to support production. This production model may lead to increased costs and/or reduced production of its vehicles and adversely affect Arrival’s ability to operate its business.

Arrival’s business model depends in large part on its ability to execute its plans to manufacture, market, deploy and service its EVs at microfactories. Arrival’s reliance on this production model will be subject to risks, including that Arrival:

 

•

may require a larger than anticipated factory footprint, which would increase Arrival’s costs of setting up the microfactories and would significantly delay production of its vehicles;

 

•

may not be able to reach its rate of production targets within its microfactories for its primary products, which would reduce its ability to be profitable;

 

•

may not be able to locate existing buildings meeting the requirements for its microfactories with respect to size, shape, power supply, and strength of construction, which would increase its costs of setting up the microfactories and would significantly delay production of its vehicles;

 

•

may not be able to build the expected number of microfactories, which would reduce its production targets and have a material adverse impact on its results of operations and financial condition; and

 

•

may experience higher local wages and supplier, manufacturing and construction costs than expected in local regions, resulting in higher operating costs and reducing its ability to be profitable.

Arrival currently has three microfactories in active development: one in Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA, one in Bicester, UK and one in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. These microfactories are expected to start production in the second quarter of 2022, the third quarter of 2022 and the fourth quarter of 2022, respectively. Arrival plans to have three microfactories in operation by the end of 2022. Due to the relatively short commissioning times of the Arrival microfactory, the exact locations of the microfactories that will follow Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA, Bicester, UK and Charlotte, North Carolina, USA are yet to be determined.

In addition, Arrival intends to establish a “back office” in each microfactory to handle customary administrative and support services such as local payroll processes and tax and company registrations. Any inability to do so, or delays in doing so, could adversely affect Arrival’s ability to operate its business and delay productions of its vehicles.

If any of the foregoing issues occur, and Arrival is unable to execute on its microfactory production business model, Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

 

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Arrival may encounter obstacles outside of its control that slow market adoption of EVs, such as regulatory requirements or infrastructure limitations.

Arrival’s growth is highly dependent upon the adoption of EVs by the commercial and municipal fleet industry. The target demographics for Arrival’s EVs are highly competitive. If the market for EVs does not develop at the rate or in the manner or to the extent that Arrival expects, or if critical assumptions Arrival has made regarding the efficiency of its EVs are incorrect or incomplete, Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be harmed. The fleet market for EVs is new and untested and is characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price competition, numerous competitors, including OEMs, evolving government regulation and industry standards and uncertain customer demands and behaviors.

Arrival’s growth depends upon Arrival’s ability to maintain relationships with Arrival’s existing suppliers, source suppliers for Arrival’s critical components, and complete building out Arrival’s supply chain, while effectively managing the risks due to such relationships.

Arrival’s growth will be dependent upon Arrival’s ability to enter into supplier agreements and maintain its relationships with suppliers who are critical and necessary to the output and production of Arrival’s vehicles. Arrival also relies on a small group of suppliers to provide Arrival with the components for Arrival’s vehicles. The supply agreements Arrival has or may enter into with key suppliers in the future may have provisions where such agreements can be terminated in various circumstances, including potentially without cause. If these suppliers become unable to provide or experience delays in providing components or the supply agreements Arrival has in place are terminated, it may be difficult to find replacement components. Changes in business conditions, pandemics, governmental changes, and other factors beyond Arrival’s control or that Arrival does not presently anticipate could affect Arrival’s ability to receive components from Arrival’s suppliers.

However, Arrival has not secured supply agreements for all of its components. Arrival may be at a disadvantage in negotiating supply agreements for the production of its vehicles due to its limited operating history. In addition, there is the possibility that finalizing the supply agreements for the parts and components of Arrival’s vehicles will cause significant disruption to Arrival’s operations, or such supply agreements could be at costs that make it difficult for Arrival to operate profitably.

If Arrival does not enter into long-term supply agreements with guaranteed pricing for critical parts or components, Arrival may be exposed to fluctuations in components, materials and equipment prices. Substantial increases in the prices for such components, materials and equipment would increase Arrival’s operating costs and could reduce Arrival’s margins if Arrival cannot recoup the increased costs. Any attempts to increase the announced or expected prices of Arrival’s vehicles in response to increased costs could be viewed negatively by Arrival’s potential customers and could adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

Arrival currently targets many customers, suppliers and partners that are large corporations with substantial negotiating power, exacting product, quality and warranty standards and potentially competitive internal solutions. If Arrival is unable to sell its products to these customers or is unable to enter into agreements with suppliers and partners on satisfactory terms, its prospects and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Many of Arrival’s current and potential customers, suppliers and partners are large, multinational corporations with substantial negotiating power relative to it and, in some instances, may have internal solutions that are competitive to Arrival’s products. These large, multinational corporations also have significant development resources, which may allow them to acquire or develop independently, or in partnership with others, competitive technologies. Meeting the technical requirements and securing design wins with any of these companies will require a substantial investment of Arrival’s time and resources. Arrival cannot assure you that its products will

 

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secure design wins from these or other companies or that it will generate meaningful revenue from the sales of its products to these key potential customers. If Arrival’s products are not selected by these large corporations or if these corporations develop or acquire competitive technology, it will have an adverse effect on Arrival’s business.

If Arrival is unable to establish and maintain confidence in its long-term business prospects among customers and analysts and within its industry or is subject to negative publicity, then its financial condition, operating results, business prospects and access to capital may suffer materially.

Customers may be less likely to purchase Arrival’s commercial EVs if they are not convinced that Arrival’s business will succeed or that its service and support and other operations will continue in the long term. Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with Arrival if they are not convinced that its business will succeed. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain its business, Arrival must maintain confidence among customers, suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies and other parties in its EVs, long-term financial viability and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may be particularly complicated by certain factors including those that are largely outside of Arrival’s control, such as its limited operating history, customer unfamiliarity with its EVs, any delays in scaling production, delivery and service operations to meet demand, competition and uncertainty regarding the future of EVs, including Arrival’s EVs and Arrival’s production and sales performance compared with market expectations.

As Arrival expands into new territories, many of which will be international territories, it may encounter stronger market resistance than it currently expects, including from incumbent competitors in those territories.

Arrival will face risks associated with any potential international expansion of its operations into new territories, including possible unfavorable regulatory, political, tax and labor conditions, which could harm its business. In addition, in certain of these markets, Arrival may encounter incumbent competitors with established technologies and customer bases, lower prices or costs, and greater brand recognition. Arrival anticipates having international operations and subsidiaries that are subject to the legal, political, regulatory and social requirements and economic conditions in these jurisdictions. However, Arrival has no experience to date selling or leasing and servicing its vehicles internationally, and such expansion would require Arrival to make significant expenditures, including the hiring of local employees and establishing facilities, in advance of generating any revenue. Arrival will be subject to a number of risks associated with international business activities that may increase its costs, impact its ability to sell its EVs and require significant management attention. These risks include:

 

•

conforming Arrival’s EVs to various international regulatory requirements where its EVs are sold which requirements may change over time;

 

•

difficulties in obtaining or complying with various licenses, approvals, certifications and other governmental authorizations necessary to manufacture, sell or service its EVs in any of these jurisdictions;

 

•

difficulty in staffing and managing foreign operations;

 

•

difficulties attracting customers in new jurisdictions;

 

•

foreign government taxes, regulations and permit requirements, including foreign taxes that Arrival may not be able to offset against taxes imposed upon Arrival in the U.S.;

 

•

a heightened risk of failure to comply with corporation and employment tax laws;

 

•

fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, including risks related to any interest rate swap or other hedging activities Arrival undertakes;

 

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•

U.S. and foreign government trade restrictions, tariffs and price or exchange controls;

 

•

foreign labor laws, regulations and restrictions;

 

•

changes in diplomatic and trade relationships;

 

•

political instability, natural disasters, global health concerns, including health pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, war or events of terrorism; and

 

•

the strength of international economies.

If Arrival fails to successfully address these risks, Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially harmed.

Factors that may influence the fleet market adoption of EVs include:

 

•

perceptions about EV quality, safety, design, performance, reliability and cost, especially if adverse events or accidents occur that are linked to the quality or safety of EVs;

 

•

perceptions about vehicle safety in general, including the use of advanced technology, such as vehicle electronics, batteries and regenerative braking systems;

 

•

the decline of vehicle efficiency and/or range resulting from deterioration over time in the ability of the battery to hold a charge;

 

•

changes or improvements in the fuel economy of ICE, the vehicle and the vehicle controls or competitors’ electrified systems;

 

•

the availability of service, charging and fueling and other associated costs for EVs;

 

•

access to sufficient charging infrastructure;

 

•

the risk that government support for EVs and infrastructure may not continue;

 

•

volatility in the cost of energy, electricity, oil and gasoline could affect buying decisions;

 

•

government regulations and economic incentives promoting fuel efficiency and alternate forms of energy, including new regulations mandating zero tailpipe emissions compared to overall carbon reduction;

 

•

the availability of tax and other governmental incentives to purchase and operate EVs or future regulation requiring increased use of nonpolluting vehicles; and

 

•

macroeconomic factors.

As an example, the market price of oil has dropped since January 2020, and it is unknown to what extent any corresponding decreases in the cost of fuel may impact the market for EVs. Moreover, travel restrictions and social distancing efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the potential impact of the emergence of variants of COVID-19, may negatively impact the commercial bus, van and car fleet industry, for an unknown, but potentially lengthy, period of time. Additionally, Arrival may become subject to regulations that may require it to alter the design of its EVs, which could negatively impact customer interest in Arrival’s products.

Arrival has grown its business rapidly, and expects to continue to expand its operations significantly. Any failure to manage its growth effectively could adversely affect its business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Any failure to manage Arrival’s growth effectively could materially and adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Arrival intends to expand its operations significantly. Arrival expects its future expansion to include:

 

•

expanding the management team;

 

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•

hiring and training new personnel;

 

•

leveraging consultants to assist with company growth and development;

 

•

forecasting production and revenue;

 

•

controlling expenses and investments in anticipation of expanded operations;

 

•

establishing or expanding design, production, sales and service facilities;

 

•

implementing and enhancing administrative infrastructure, systems and processes; and

 

•

expanding into international markets.

Arrival intends to continue to hire a significant number of additional personnel, including software engineers, design and production personnel and service technicians for its EVs. Because Arrival’s EVs are based on a different technology platform than ICE, individuals with sufficient training in EVs may not be available to hire, and as a result, Arrival will need to expend significant time and expense training any newly hired employees. Competition for individuals with experience designing, producing and servicing EVs and their software is intense, and Arrival may not be able to attract, integrate, train, motivate or retain additional highly qualified personnel. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate and retain these additional employees could seriously harm Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Arrival’s business may be adversely affected by labor and union activities.

Although none of Arrival’s employees are currently represented by a labor union, it is common throughout the automobile industry generally for many employees at automobile companies to belong to a union, which can result in higher employee costs and increased risk of work stoppages. Arrival may also directly and indirectly depend upon other companies with unionized work forces, such as parts suppliers and trucking and freight companies, and work stoppages or strikes organized by such unions could have a material adverse impact on Arrival’s business, financial condition or operating results.

Arrival’s limited operating history makes it difficult for Arrival to evaluate its future business prospects.

Arrival is a company with an extremely limited operating history, and has generated no revenue to date. As Arrival attempts to transition from research and development activities to commercial production and sales, it is difficult, if not impossible, to forecast Arrival’s future results, and Arrival has limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect Arrival’s business. The estimated costs and timelines that Arrival has developed to reach full scale commercial production are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties involved in the transition from a start-up company focused on research and development activities to the large-scale manufacture and sale of vehicles. There can be no assurance that Arrival’s estimates related to the costs and timing necessary to complete design and engineering of its EVs and to tool its microfactories will prove accurate. These are complex processes that may be subject to delays, cost overruns and other unforeseen issues. For example, the tooling required within Arrival’s microfactories may be more expensive to produce than predicted, or have a shorter lifespan, resulting in additional replacement and maintenance costs, particularly relating to composite panel tooling, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Similarly, Arrival may experience higher raw material waste in the composite process than it expects, resulting in higher operating costs and hampering its ability to be profitable.

In addition, Arrival has engaged in limited marketing activities to date, so even if Arrival is able to bring its EVs to market on time and on budget, there can be no assurance that fleet customers will embrace Arrival’s products in significant numbers. Market conditions, many of which are outside of Arrival’s control and subject to change, including general economic conditions, the availability and terms of financing, the impacts and ongoing

 

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uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic, fuel and energy prices, regulatory requirements and incentives, competition and the pace and extent of vehicle electrification generally, will impact demand for Arrival’s EVs, and ultimately Arrival’s success.

Arrival is dependent on its suppliers, some of which are single or limited source suppliers, and the inability of these suppliers to deliver the raw materials and components of Arrival’s vehicles in a timely manner and at prices and volumes acceptable to it could have a material adverse effect on its business, prospects and operating results.

While Arrival plans to obtain raw materials and components from multiple sources whenever possible, some of the raw materials and components used in its vehicles will be purchased by Arrival from a single or limited source, such as LG Energy Solution, Ltd. (as assignee of LG Chem Ltd., “LG Chem”) who has agreed to manufacture and supply lithium ion battery cells for Arrival’s vehicles. While Arrival believes that it may be able to establish alternate supply relationships and can obtain or engineer replacement raw materials and components for its single or limited source raw materials and components, Arrival may be unable to do so in the short term (or at all) at prices or quality levels that are acceptable to it, leaving Arrival susceptible to supply shortages, long lead times for components and cancellations and supply changes. In addition, Arrival could experience delays if its suppliers do not meet agreed upon timelines or experience capacity constraints.

Any disruption in the supply of raw materials or components, whether or not from a single or limited source supplier, could temporarily disrupt production of Arrival’s vehicles until an alternative supplier is able to supply the required raw materials or components. Changes in business conditions, unforeseen circumstances, governmental changes, and other factors beyond Arrival’s control or which it does not presently anticipate, could also affect its suppliers’ ability to deliver raw materials or components to Arrival on a timely basis. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect Arrival’s results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

As Arrival grows rapidly and expands into multiple global markets, there is a risk that Arrival will fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls and its ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be adversely affected. Arrival may identify material weaknesses in its internal controls over financial reporting which it may not be able to remedy in a timely manner.

As a public company, Arrival operates in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires it to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the regulations of Nasdaq, the rules and regulations of the SEC, expanded disclosure requirements, accelerated reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include establishing corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for Arrival to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud. Commencing with its fiscal year ending December 31, 2021, Arrival must perform system and process evaluation and testing of its internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of its internal controls over financial reporting in its Form 20-F filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Prior to the closing of the Business Combination, Arrival had never been required to test its internal controls within a specified period and, as a result, it may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner.

Arrival anticipates that the process of building its accounting and financial functions and infrastructure will require significant additional professional fees, internal costs and management efforts. Arrival expects that it will need to implement a new internal system to combine and streamline the management of its financial, accounting, human resources and other functions. However, such a system would likely require Arrival to complete many processes and procedures for the effective use of the system or to run its business using the system, which may

 

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result in substantial costs. Any disruptions or difficulties in implementing or using such a system could adversely affect Arrival’s controls and harm its business. Moreover, such disruption or difficulties could result in unanticipated costs and diversion of management’s attention. Arrival’s internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If Arrival is not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if it is unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, Arrival may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If Arrival cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, its business and results of operations could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in its reported financial information and Arrival could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Arrival has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. This could result in material misstatements in Arrival’s historical financial reports and, if Arrival or the Company is unable to successfully remediate the material weaknesses, the accuracy and timing of the Company’s financial reporting may be adversely affected, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of the Company’s financial reports, and the market price of Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected.

Although Arrival is not yet subject to the certification or attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in connection with the audit of Arrival’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, Arrival’s management and its independent registered public accounting firm identified deficiencies that Arrival concluded represented material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting, primarily attributable to its lack of an effective control structure and sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel. Management further notes that the material weaknesses in the control framework includes lack of effective governance over IT systems, a lack of documented evidence of review of significant areas of judgment and estimation uncertainty including intangible asset capitalization, insufficient segregation of duties and management oversight, a lack of formal policies and procedures for manual journal entries, and a lack of controls related to impairments of assets under construction, share based payments and employee loans, and the consolidation and preparation of our financial statements. SEC guidance defines a material weakness as a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Arrival is in the process of designing and implementing measures to improve its internal control over financial reporting to remediate the material weaknesses related to its financial reporting as of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 primarily by implementing additional review procedures within its accounting and finance department, hiring additional accounting and compliance staff and designing and implementing information technology and application controls in its financially significant systems, engaging consultants to assist it in documenting and improving its system of internal controls, as well as by implementing appropriate accounting infrastructure. At the time of this prospectus, these material weaknesses have not been remediated.

While Arrival is designing and implementing measures to remediate the material weaknesses, it cannot predict the success of such measures or the outcome of its assessment of these measures at this time. Arrival can give no assurance that these measures will remediate either of the deficiencies in internal control or that additional material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. The Company’s failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in

 

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errors in its financial statements that may lead to a restatement of its financial statements or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations. If a material weakness was identified and the Company is unable to assert that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, or when required in the future, if the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of the Company’s financial reports, the market price of Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected and the Company could become subject to litigation or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

There are complex software and technology systems that need to be developed in coordination with vendors and suppliers in order to reach production for Arrival’s EVs, and there can be no assurance such systems will be successfully developed.

Arrival vehicles will use a substantial amount of third-party and in-house software codes and complex hardware to operate. The development of such advanced technologies is inherently complex, and Arrival will need to coordinate with its vendors and suppliers in order to reach production for its EVs. Defects and errors may be revealed over time and Arrival’s control over the performance of third-party services and systems may be limited. Thus, Arrival’s potential inability to develop the necessary software and technology systems may harm its competitive position.

Arrival is relying on third-party suppliers to develop a number of emerging technologies for use in its products, including lithium ion battery technology. These technologies are not today, and may not ever be, commercially viable. There can be no assurances that Arrival’s suppliers will be able to meet the technological requirements, production timing, and volume requirements to support its business plan. In addition, the technology may not comply with the cost, performance, useful life and warranty characteristics Arrival anticipates in its business plan. As a result, Arrival’s business plan could be significantly impacted, and Arrival may incur significant liabilities under warranty claims which could adversely affect its business, prospects, and results of operations.

The discovery of defects in Arrival vehicles may result in delays in new model launches, recall campaigns or increased warranty costs. Additionally, discovery of such defects may result in a decrease in the residual value of its vehicles, which may materially harm its business.

Arrival’s EVs may contain defects in design and production that may cause them not to perform as expected or may require repair. Arrivals’ products (including vehicles and components) have not completed testing and Arrival currently has a limited frame of reference by which to evaluate the performance of its EVs upon which its business prospects depend. There can be no assurance that Arrival will be able to detect and fix any defects in its EVs. Arrival may experience recalls in the future, which could adversely affect Arrival’s brand and could adversely affect its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Arrival’s EVs may not perform consistent with customers’ expectations or consistent with other vehicles which may become available. Any product defects or any other failure of Arrival’s EVs and software to perform as expected could harm Arrival’s reputation and result in a significant cost due to warranty replacement and other expenses, a loss of customer goodwill due to failing to meet maintenance targets in Arrival’s total cost of ownership calculations, adverse publicity, lost revenue, delivery delays, product recalls and product liability claims and could have a material adverse impact on Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Additionally, discovery of such defects may result in a decrease in the residual value of Arrival’s vehicles, which may materially harm its business. Moreover, problems and defects experienced by other EV companies could by association have a negative impact on perception and customer demand for Arrival’s EVs.

 

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Arrival may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm its financial condition and liquidity if it is not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

Product liability claims, even those without merit or those that do not involve Arrival’s products, could harm Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The automobile industry in particular experiences significant product liability claims, and Arrival faces inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event Arrival’s EVs do not perform or are claimed to not have performed as expected. As is true for other commercial vehicle suppliers, Arrival expects in the future that its EVs may be involved in crashes resulting in death or personal injury. Additionally, product liability claims that affect Arrival’s competitors may cause indirect adverse publicity for Arrival and its products.

A successful product liability claim against Arrival could require Arrival to pay a substantial monetary award. Arrival’s risks in this area are particularly pronounced given the relatively limited number of EVs delivered to date and limited field experience of Arrival’s products. Moreover, a product liability claim against Arrival or its competitors could generate substantial negative publicity about Arrival’s products and business and could have a material adverse effect on Arrival’s brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. In most jurisdictions, Arrival generally self-insures against the risk of product liability claims for vehicle exposure, meaning that any product liability claims will likely have to be paid from company funds, not by insurance.

If Arrival is sued for infringing or misappropriating intellectual property rights of third parties, litigation could be costly and time consuming and could prevent Arrival from developing or commercializing its future products.

Companies, organizations, or individuals, including Arrival’s competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights, trade secrets or other intellectual property or proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with Arrival’s ability to make, use, develop, distribute, sell, import, export, market or otherwise exploit its vehicles or components, which could have a material adverse effect on us if such claims were decided against us. From time to time, Arrival may receive communications from holders of patents, trademarks or other intellectual property regarding their proprietary rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights may bring suits alleging infringement or other violation of such rights or otherwise assert their rights and ask or urge Arrival to take licenses. Arrival’s applications and uses of trademarks relating to its design, software or technologies could be found to infringe upon existing trademark ownership and rights. In addition, if Arrival is determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, it may be required to do one or more of the following:

 

•

cease selling, incorporating certain components into, or using vehicles or offering goods or services that incorporate or use the challenged intellectual property;

 

•

pay substantial damages;

 

•

seek a license from the holder of the infringed intellectual property right, which license may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all;

 

•

redesign its vehicles or other goods or services; or

 

•

establish and maintain alternative branding for its products and services.

In the event of a successful claim of infringement against Arrival and Arrival’s failure or inability to obtain a license to the infringed technology or other intellectual property right, Arrival’s business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs, negative publicity and diversion of resources and management attention.

 

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Arrival may incur significant costs and expenses in connection with obtaining, maintaining, protecting, defending and enforcing its intellectual property rights, including through litigation. Additionally, even if Arrival is able to take measures to protect its intellectual property, third-parties may independently develop technologies that are the same or similar to Arrival, and Arrival may not be able to obtain and protect its intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Arrival’s success depends to a significant degree on its ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and enforce its intellectual property and other proprietary rights. Arrival may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of its intellectual property, which could harm its business and competitive position, including a decline of the Arrival brand and goodwill associated therewith. Arrival relies on a combination of patents, trade secrets (including know-how and confidential information), unfair competition laws, employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyrights, trademarks, trade names, service marks, domain names, intellectual property licenses, and other contractual rights to establish and protect its rights in its technology. Despite Arrival’s efforts to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and enforce its proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use Arrival’s intellectual property or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon or otherwise violate its intellectual property rights. For example, Arrival may fail to obtain effective intellectual property protection, or the efforts it has taken to protect its intellectual property rights may not be sufficient or effective, and any of its intellectual property rights may be challenged, which could result in them being narrowed in scope or declared invalid or unenforceable.

Arrival generally seeks or applies for patent protection as and if it deems appropriate, based on then-current facts and circumstances. Accordingly, Arrival has applied for patents in the United States and in other foreign jurisdictions, some of which have been issued. However, Arrival cannot guarantee that any of its pending patent applications or other applications for intellectual property registrations will be issued or granted or that its existing and future intellectual property rights will be sufficiently broad to protect its proprietary technology. While a presumption of validity exists with respect to United States patents issued to Arrival, there can be no assurance that any of its patents, patent applications, or other intellectual property rights will not be, in whole or in part, opposed, contested, challenged, invalidated, circumvented, designed around or rendered unenforceable. If Arrival fails to obtain issuance of patents or registration of other intellectual property, or its patent claims or other intellectual property rights are rendered invalid or unenforceable, or narrowed in scope, pursuant to, for example, judicial or administrative proceedings, including reexamination, post-grant review, interference, opposition or derivation proceedings, the coverage of patents and other intellectual property rights afforded to its products could be impaired. Even if Arrival is to obtain issuance of further patents or registration of other intellectual property, such intellectual property could be subjected to attacks on ownership, validity, enforceability or other legal attacks. Any such impairment or other failure to obtain sufficient intellectual property protection could impede Arrival’s ability to market its products, negatively affect its competitive position and harm its business and operating results, including by forcing us to, among other things, rebrand or redesign its affected products. Moreover, Arrival’s patents and patent applications may only cover particular aspects of its products, and competitors and other third parties may be able to circumvent or design around its patents. Competitors may develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. There can be no assurance that third parties will not create new products or methods that achieve similar or better results without infringing upon patents Arrival owns. If these developments occur, they could have an adverse effect on Arrival’s sales or market position.

Patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. A number of foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property and proprietary rights may be inadequate. Therefore, Arrival’s intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States. Filing, prosecuting, maintaining and defending Arrival’s intellectual property in all countries throughout the world may be prohibitively expensive, and it may choose to forgo such activities in some applicable jurisdictions.

 

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Failure to adequately protect Arrival’s intellectual property rights could result in its competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of Arrival’s competitive advantage, a decline of the Arrival brand and goodwill associated therewith and a decrease in its revenue which, would adversely affect its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

As Arrival faces increasing competition and becomes increasingly high profile, the possibility of receiving a larger number of intellectual property claims against it grows. In addition, various “non-practicing entities,” and other intellectual property rights holders may attempt to assert intellectual property claims against Arrival or seek to monetize intellectual property rights they own to extract value through licensing or other settlements. Moreover, third parties may seek to challenge, invalidate or circumvent Arrival’s patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property and proprietary rights, including through administrative processes such as re-examination, inter partes review, interference and derivation proceedings and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings) or litigation. The value of Arrival’s intellectual property and proprietary rights could also diminish if others assert rights therein or ownership thereof, and it may be unable to successfully resolve any such conflicts in Arrival’s favor or to Arrival’s satisfaction.

Monitoring unauthorized use of Arrival’s intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps Arrival has taken or will take may not prevent infringement, misappropriation or other violation of Arrival’s intellectual property. From time to time, Arrival may have to resort to litigation to enforce its intellectual property rights. Regardless of their merit, any intellectual property-related claims or litigation could:

 

•

result in substantial costs and diversion of its resources;

 

•

put Arrival’s patents or other intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly;

 

•

put Arrival’s patent applications or applications for other intellectual property registrations at risk of not issuing;

 

•

require Arrival to enter into unfavorable royalty or license agreements, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all;

 

•

require Arrival to re-design its solutions, which could be costly, time-consuming or impossible; or

 

•

require that Arrival comply with other unfavorable terms.

Additionally, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of Arrival’s confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. Furthermore, any enforcement of Arrival’s patents or other intellectual property may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against it.

Any investment in protecting Arrival’s intellectual property through additional trademark, patent or other intellectual property filings could be expensive or time-consuming. Arrival may not be able to obtain protection for its technology and, even if successful in obtaining effective patent, trademark and copyright protection, it is expensive to maintain these rights, both in terms of application and maintenance costs, and the time and cost required to defend Arrival’s rights could be substantial.

For example, if any of Arrival’s customers are sued, Arrival may be required to defend and/or settle the litigation on their behalf. In addition, if Arrival is unable to obtain licenses or modify its products to make them non-infringing, it might have to refund a portion of subscription fees prepaid to it and terminate those agreements, which could further exhaust its resources. In addition, Arrival may pay substantial settlement amounts or royalties on future solution sales to resolve claims or litigation, whether or not legitimately or successfully asserted against it. Even if Arrival were to prevail in the actual or potential claims or litigation against it, any claim or litigation regarding its intellectual property and proprietary rights could be costly and

 

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time-consuming and divert the attention of its management and key personnel from its business operations. Such disputes, with or without merit, could also cause potential customers to refrain from purchasing Arrival’s products or otherwise cause it reputational harm.

If Arrival does not successfully defend or settle an intellectual property claim, it could be liable for significant monetary damages and could be prohibited from continuing to use certain technology, business methods, content or brands, and from making, selling or incorporating certain components or intellectual property into the products and services it offers. As a result, Arrival could be forced to redesign its products and services and/or to establish and maintain alternative branding for its products and services. To avoid litigation or being prohibited from marketing or selling the relevant products or services, Arrival could seek a license from the applicable third party, which could require Arrival to pay significant royalties, licensing fees or other payments, increasing its operating expenses. If a license is not available at all or not available on reasonable terms, Arrival may be required to develop or license a non-violating alternative, either of which could be infeasible or require significant effort and expense. If Arrival cannot license or develop a non-violating alternative, Arrival would be forced to limit or stop sales of its offerings and may be unable to effectively compete. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of Arrival’s common stock. Furthermore, many of Arrival’s current and potential competitors may be in a position to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property and proprietary rights. Accordingly, despite Arrival’s efforts, it may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating its intellectual property and proprietary rights. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on Arrival’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Patent applications which have been submitted to the authorities may not result in granted patents or may require the applications to be modified in order for patent coverage to be obtained.

Arrival cannot be certain that it is the first inventor of the subject matter to which it has filed a particular patent application, or if it is the first party to file such a patent application. If another party has filed a patent application to the same subject matter as Arrival has, Arrival may not be entitled to the protection sought by the patent application. Further, the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property and proprietary rights are uncertain and still evolving. Therefore, the scope of protection of issued patent claims is often difficult to determine. There can be no assurance that Arrival’s issued patents and any patents issued from its pending or future patent applications will provide Arrival with competitive advantages as they may be successfully challenged, invalidated, narrowed in scope or circumvented by third parties, or may not prove to be enforceable in actions brought against alleged infringers. Moreover, Arrival cannot be certain that the patent applications that it files will issue, that the authorities will not require the applications to be modified in order for patent coverage to be obtained or that our issued patents will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. In addition, Arrival’s competitors may design around its issued patents, which may adversely affect its business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

If Arrival’s trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, Arrival may not be able to build name recognition in its markets of interest, and its competitive position may be harmed.

The value of Arrival’s intellectual property and other proprietary rights associated with Arrival’s brand could diminish if others assert rights in or ownership of trademarks or service marks that are similar to Arrival’s trademarks or service marks. The registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names that Arrival owns may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. During trademark registration proceedings, Arrival may receive rejections of its applications by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”), or in other foreign jurisdictions. Although Arrival is given an

 

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opportunity to respond to such rejections, it may be unable to overcome them. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against its trademarks, which may not survive such proceedings. Furthermore, owning and maintaining a trademark registration may not provide an adequate defense against a subsequent infringement claim asserted by the owner of a senior trademark. Arrival may not be able to protect its rights in these trademarks and trade names, which it needs in order to build name recognition with potential members. In addition, third parties may file for registration of trademarks similar or identical to its trademarks, thereby impeding Arrival’s ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. If they succeed in registering or developing common-law rights in such trademarks, and if Arrival is not successful in challenging such third-party rights, Arrival may not be able to use these trademarks to develop brand recognition of its technologies, products or services. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of its registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if Arrival is unable to establish name recognition based on its trademarks and trade names, or if Arrival incurs damage to its reputation or brand, or loss of confidence in its products and solutions, this could result in decreased demand for its products and solutions and Arrival may not be able to compete effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If Arrival is unable to maintain, protect and enforce the confidentiality of its trade secrets, its business and competitive position would be harmed.

Arrival relies on trade secrets and confidentiality agreements to protect its unpatented know-how, technology, and other proprietary information, and to maintain its competitive position. However, trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. Arrival seeks to protect these trade secrets and other proprietary technology, in part, by entering into limited access, confidentiality and other contractual agreements with parties who have access to them, such as its suppliers, customers and collaborators. However, Arrival cannot guarantee that it has entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to its proprietary information, know-how and trade secrets. Moreover, no assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to, distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, or disclosure of Arrival’s proprietary information, know-how and trade secrets. Further, these agreements may not prevent Arrival’s competitors from independently developing substantially equivalent or superior technologies. These agreements may be breached, and Arrival may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Additionally, such agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized access to or unauthorized use, disclosure, misappropriation or reverse engineering of, Arrival’s confidential information, intellectual property, or technology. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret or know-how is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect, and some courts inside and outside the U.S. are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets and know-how. If Arrival develops any trade secrets that were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, it would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us, and Arrival’s competitive position would be materially and adversely harmed. The loss of trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with Arrival’s products and services by copying functionality. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on Arrival’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Arrival may not be able to obtain or agree on acceptable terms and conditions for all or a significant portion of the government grants, loans and other incentives for which it may apply. As a result, Arrival’s business and prospects may be adversely affected.

Arrival may apply for federal and state grants, loans and tax incentives under government programs designed to stimulate the economy and support the production of alternative fuel and EVs and related technologies. Arrival

 

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anticipates that in the future there will be new opportunities for it to apply for grants, loans and other government incentives. Arrival’s ability to obtain funds or incentives from government sources is subject to the availability of funds under applicable government programs and approval of our applications to participate in such programs. The application process for these funds and other incentives will likely be highly competitive. Arrival cannot assure you that it will be successful in obtaining any of these additional grants, loans and other incentives. If it is not successful in obtaining any of these additional incentives and it is unable to find alternative sources of funding to meet its planned capital needs, Arrival’s business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

Arrival vehicles will make use of lithium-ion battery cells, which have been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flame.

The battery packs within Arrival’s EVs will make use of lithium-ion cells. On rare occasions, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials as well as other lithium-ion cells. While the battery pack is designed to contain any single cell’s release of energy without spreading to neighboring cells, a field or testing failure of Arrival’s vehicles or other battery packs that it produces could occur. Any such events or failures of its vehicles, battery packs or warning systems could subject Arrival to lawsuits, product recalls, or redesign efforts, all of which would be time consuming and expensive. Also, negative public perceptions regarding the suitability of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications or any future incident involving lithium-ion cells, such as a vehicle or other fire, even if such incident does not involve Arrival’s vehicles, could seriously harm its business and reputation.

In addition, Arrival intends to store its battery packs in its microfactories prior to installation in its EVs. Any mishandling of battery cells or safety issue or fire related to the cells may cause disruption to the operation of Arrival’s microfactories. While Arrival has implemented safety procedures related to the handling of the cells, a safety issue or fire related to the cells could disrupt its operations. Such damage or injury could lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Moreover, any failure of a competitor’s EV or energy storage product may cause indirect adverse publicity for Arrival and its products. Such adverse publicity could negatively affect Arrival’s brand and harm its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Arrival will rely on complex robotic assembly and component manufacturing for its production, which involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

Arrival will rely on complex robotic assembly and component manufacturing for the production and assembly of its EVs, which will involve a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. Arrival’s microfactories will contain large-scale machinery combining many components. These components may suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of these components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency. In addition, Arrival may encounter technical and/or validation difficulties with its components that it is unable to overcome and as a result Arrival may have to source more external components than planned and/or may not be able to achieve target prices in production components. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of Arrival’s control, such as, but not limited to, scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, costs associated with decommissioning of machines, labor disputes and strikes, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, fire, seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks materialize, it may result in the personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to production facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all which could have a material adverse effect on Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

 

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Disruptions, capacity limitations or interference with our use of the data centers operated by Arrival or other third-party providers that host our cloud services, including, but not limited to Amazon Web Services (“AWS”), could result in delays or outages of our cloud service and harm our business.

Arrival hosts a significant portion of its cloud service from third-party data center facilities operated by AWS from several global locations, and Arrival also directly host portions of its cloud service. Any damage to, failure of or interference with its cloud service that is hosted by Arrival, AWS or by third-party providers it may utilize in the future, whether as a result of Arrival’s actions, actions by the third-party data centers, actions by other third parties, or acts of God, could result in interruptions in such cloud service and/or the loss of Arrival’s or its customers’ data, including personal information. Arrival manages the cloud services through its site reliability engineering team, and Arrival needs to support version control, changes in cloud software parameters and the evolution of its solutions, all in a multi-OS environment. As Arrival utilizes data centers, it may move or transfer its data and its customers’ data from one region to another. Despite precautions taken during this process, any unsuccessful data transfers may impair the delivery of such services. Impairment of, or interruptions in, our cloud services may reduce our revenue, subject us to claims and litigation, cause our customers to terminate their subscriptions and adversely affect our ability to attract new customers. Arrival’s business may also be harmed if its customers and potential customers believe its services are unreliable. Additionally, any limitation of the capacity of Arrival’s data centers could impede its ability to scale, onboard new customers or expand the usage of existing customers, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Arrival does not control, or in some cases have limited control over, the operation of the data center facilities it uses, which increases its vulnerability to problems with the services they provide. Such data center facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures and similar events. They may also be subject to cyberattacks, computer viruses, ransomware attacks, disabling devices, break-ins, sabotage, intentional criminal acts, acts of vandalism, similar misconduct and to adverse events caused by operator error, negligence or malfeasance. Despite precautions taken at these facilities, the occurrence of a natural disaster, an act of terrorism, war or other act of malfeasance, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems or security incidents at these facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in service and the loss of customer data and business. Arrival may also incur significant costs for using alternative equipment or facilities or taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, any such events.

While Arrival has some disaster recovery arrangements in place, its preparations may not be adequate to account for disasters or similar events that may occur in the future and may not effectively permit us to continue operating in the event of any problems with respect to our technology systems or those of our third-party data centers or any other third-party facilities. Arrival’s disaster recovery and data redundancy measures may be inadequate, and our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for the losses that could occur.

In the event that any of Arrival’s agreements with our third-party service providers are terminated, there is a lapse or elimination of any services or features that we utilize or there is an interruption of connectivity or damage to facilities, whether due to actions outside of our control or otherwise, we could experience interruptions or delays in customer access to our platform and incur significant expense in developing, identifying, obtaining and/or integrating replacement services, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Arrival could experience additional expense in arranging for new facilities, technology, services and support. In addition, the failure of such third-party data centers or any other third-party provider to meet Arrival’s capacity requirements could result in interruption in the availability or functionality of our website and mobile applications.

 

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Arrival relies on third-party software and intellectual property licenses. If Arrival fails to comply with its obligations under license or technology agreements with third parties, it may be required to pay damages, and Arrival could lose license rights that are critical to its business.

In the course of Arrival’s business, it utilizes software, content and other intellectual property and proprietary rights licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of Arrival’s business. However, there can be no assurance that the necessary licenses would be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

Furthermore, the licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater development or commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive Arrival to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Even if such licenses are available, Arrival may be required to pay the licensor substantial royalties based on sales of our products and services. Such royalties are a component of the cost of our products or services and may affect the margins on our products and services. Additionally, certain of our license agreements allow the applicable counterparty to terminate the agreement for cause by providing us with prior written notice. If Arrival is unable to enter into the necessary licenses on acceptable terms or at all, if any necessary licenses are subsequently terminated, if our licensors fail to abide by the terms of the licenses, if our licensors fail to prevent infringement by third parties, or if the licensed intellectual property rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses on favorable terms could prevent Arrival from commercializing products, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Arrival’s inability to obtain certain licenses or other rights or to obtain such licenses or rights on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial conditions. In any such case, Arrival may be required to either seek licenses to other software, services intellectual property or proprietary rights from other parties and re-design our products to function with such technology, or develop replacement technology ourselves, which could result in increased costs and solution delays. Arrival may also be forced to limit the features available in our current or future products. Any delays and feature limitations could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, in the future, Arrival may in-license certain content and other intellectual property from third parties on a non-exclusive basis. As a result, such content and other intellectual property may also be licensed to others, including our competitors. Incorporating content, intellectual property or proprietary rights licensed from third parties on a nonexclusive basis in our solutions, including our software could also limit our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights in our products and our ability to restrict third parties from developing similar or competitive technology using the same third-party content intellectual property or proprietary rights.

Additionally, Arrival’s licenses may be subject to certain rights of third parties, and, as a result, our current and future licenses may not provide us with exclusive rights to use the licensed intellectual property, content and technology. If Arrival fails to comply with any of the obligations under such license agreements, Arrival may be required to pay damages and the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. Termination by the licensor may cause us to lose valuable rights, and could prevent us from selling our products and services, or inhibit our ability to commercialize future products and services. Our business may suffer if any current or future licenses terminate, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license, if the licensors fail to enforce licensed patents against infringing third parties, if the licensed intellectual property rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable, or if we are unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms. In addition, our rights to certain technologies are licensed to us on a non-exclusive basis. The owners of these non-exclusively licensed

 

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technologies are therefore free to license them to third parties, including our competitors, on terms that may be superior to those offered to us, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage. Moreover, our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims, regardless of their merit, that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the licensor’s rights. In addition, the agreements under which we license intellectual property or technology from third parties are generally complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Arrival may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening the Arrival brand, which would materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of its vehicles and components and its business, revenues and prospects.

Arrival’s business and prospects heavily depend on its ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Arrival brand. If Arrival is not able to establish, maintain and strengthen its brand, it may lose the opportunity to build a critical mass of customers. Arrival’s ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Arrival brand will depend heavily on the success of its marketing efforts. The automobile industry is intensely competitive, and Arrival may not be successful in building, maintaining and strengthening its brand. Arrival’s current and potential competitors, particularly automobile manufacturers headquartered in the United States, Japan, the European Union (the “EU”) and China, have greater name recognition, broader customer relationships and substantially greater marketing resources than Arrival does. If Arrival does not develop and maintain a strong brand, its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially and adversely impacted.

The efficiency of a battery’s use over time when driving EVs will decline over time, which may negatively influence potential customers’ decisions whether to purchase Arrival’s EVs.

The cells used in the Arrival battery modules degrade over time, influenced primarily by the age of the cells and the total energy throughput over the life of the EV. This cell degradation results in a corresponding reduction in the vehicle’s range. Although common to all EVs, cell degradation, and the related decrease in range, may negatively influence potential customer’s EV purchase decisions.

Arrival is likely to face competition from a number of sources, which may impair its revenues, increase its costs to acquire new customers, and hinder its ability to acquire new customers.

The vehicle electrification market has expanded significantly since Arrival was founded in 2015. The commercial vehicle electrification market in which Arrival operates features direct competition which includes traditional OEMs producing EVs, including but not limited to Daimler AG, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford and General Motors and electrification solution providers such as Rivian, Hyliion, Workhorse Group Inc., Nikola, Proterra and Evobus, OEMs that have traditionally focused on the consumer market may expand into the commercial markets. If these companies or other OEMs or providers of electrification solutions expand into the commercial markets, Arrival will face increased direct competition, which may impair Arrival’s revenues, increase its costs to acquire new customers, hinder its ability to acquire new customers, have a material adverse effect on Arrival’s product prices, market share, revenue and profitability.

Arrival may not be able to accurately estimate the supply and demand for its vehicles, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in its business and hinder its ability to generate revenue. If Arrival fails to accurately predict its manufacturing requirements, it could incur additional costs or experience delays.

It is difficult to predict Arrival’s future revenues and appropriately budget for its expenses, and Arrival may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect its business. Arrival will be required to provide forecasts of

 

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its demand to its suppliers several months prior to the scheduled delivery of products to its prospective customers. Currently, there is no historical basis for making judgments on the demand for Arrival’s vehicles or its ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver vehicles, or Arrival’s profitability in the future. If Arrival overestimates its requirements, its suppliers may have excess inventory, which indirectly would increase Arrival’s costs. If Arrival underestimates its requirements, its suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of its products and result in delays in shipments and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials and components that Arrival’s suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If Arrival fails to order sufficient quantities of product components in a timely manner, the delivery of vehicles to its customers could be delayed, which would harm Arrival’s business, financial condition and operating results.

The markets in which Arrival operates are highly competitive, and it may not be successful in competing in these industries. Arrival currently faces competition from new and established domestic and international competitors and expects to face competition from others in the future, including competition from companies with new technologies.

Both the automobile industry generally, and the EV segment in particular, are highly competitive, and Arrival will be competing for sales with both ICE vehicles and other EVs. Many of Arrival’s current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and other resources than Arrival does and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products, including their EVs. Arrival expects competition for EVs to intensify due to increased demand and a regulatory push for alternative fuel vehicles, continuing globalization, and consolidation in the worldwide automotive industry. Factors affecting competition include product quality and features, innovation and development time, pricing, reliability, safety, fuel economy, customer service, and financing terms. Continued or increased price competition in the automotive industry generally, and in “green” vehicles in particular, may harm Arrival’s business. Increased competition may lead to lower vehicle unit sales and increased inventory, which may result in downward price pressure and adversely affect Arrival’s business, financial condition, operating results, and prospects.

The automotive industry and its technology are rapidly evolving and may be subject to unforeseen changes. Developments in alternative technologies, including but not limited to hydrogen, may adversely affect the demand for Arrival’s EVs.

Arrival may be unable to keep up with changes in EV technology or alternatives to electricity as a fuel source and, as a result, its competitiveness may suffer. Developments in alternative technologies, such as advanced diesel, ethanol, fuel cells, or compressed natural gas, or improvements in the fuel economy of the ICE, may materially and adversely affect Arrival’s business and prospects in ways Arrival does not currently anticipate. Existing and other battery cell technologies, fuels or sources of energy may emerge as customers’ preferred alternative to the technologies in Arrival’s EVs. Any failure by Arrival to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to successfully react to changes in existing technologies could delay its development and introduction of new and enhanced EVs, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of its vehicles, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors.

Arrival’s EVs will compete for market share with vehicles powered by other vehicle technologies that may prove to be more attractive than Arrival’s vehicle technologies.

Arrival’s target market currently is serviced by manufacturers with existing customers and suppliers using proven and widely accepted fuel technologies. Additionally, Arrival’s competitors are working on developing technologies that may be introduced in Arrival’s target market. Similarly, improvement in competitor performance or technology may result in the infrastructure required to operate Arrival vehicles, such as for

 

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charging, becoming comparatively expensive and reducing the economic attractiveness of our vehicles. If any of these alternative technology vehicles can provide lower fuel costs, greater efficiencies, greater reliability or otherwise benefit from other factors resulting in an overall lower total cost of ownership, this may negatively affect the commercial success of Arrival’s vehicles or make Arrival’s vehicles uncompetitive or obsolete and its research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in alternative fuel and EV technology.

If any of Arrival’s suppliers become economically distressed or go bankrupt, Arrival may be required to provide substantial financial support or take other measures to ensure supplies of components or materials, which could increase its costs, affect its liquidity or cause production disruptions.

Arrival expects to purchase various types of equipment, raw materials and manufactured component parts from its suppliers. If these suppliers experience substantial financial difficulties, cease operations, or otherwise face business disruptions, Arrival may be required to provide substantial financial support to ensure supply continuity or would have to take other measures to ensure components and materials remain available. Any disruption could affect Arrival’s ability to deliver vehicles and could increase Arrival’s costs and negatively affect its liquidity and financial performance.

Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of materials, in particular for lithium-ion battery cells, could harm Arrival’s business.

Arrival and its suppliers may experience increases in the cost of or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of materials. Any such increase, supply interruption or shortage could materially and negatively impact Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Arrival and its suppliers use various materials in their businesses and products, including for example lithium-ion battery cells, semiconductors and steel, lithium, nickel, copper, cobalt, neodymium, terbium, praseodymium and manganese, and the prices for these materials fluctuate. The available supply of these materials may be unstable, depending on market conditions and global demand, including as a result of increased production of EVs by Arrival’s competitors, and could adversely affect Arrival’s business and operating results. For instance, Arrival is exposed to multiple risks relating to lithium-ion battery cells. These risks include:

 

•

the inability or unwillingness of current battery manufacturers to build or operate battery cell manufacturing plants to supply the numbers of lithium-ion cells required to support the growth of the EV industry as demand for such cells increases;

 

•

an increase in the cost, or decrease in the available supply, of materials used in the cells;

 

•

disruption in the supply of cells due to quality issues or recalls by battery cell manufacturers; and

 

•

fluctuations in the value of any foreign currencies in which battery cell and related raw material purchases are or may be denominated against the purchasing entity’s operating currency.

Arrival’s business is dependent on the continued supply of battery cells for the battery packs used in Arrival’s EVs. While Arrival has entered into an agreement with LG Chem to provide it with lithium ion battery cells, Arrival may have limited flexibility in changing its supplier in the event of any disruption in the supply of battery cells which could disrupt production of Arrival’s EVs. A global semiconductor supply shortage is having wide-ranging effects across multiple industries and the automotive industry in particular, and it has impacted many automotive suppliers and manufacturers, including Arrival, that incorporate semiconductors into the parts they supply or manufacture. Arrival has experienced and may continue to experience an impact on its operations as a result of the semiconductor supply shortage, and such shortage could in the future have a material impact on Arrival or its suppliers, which could delay the start of production of planned future vehicles, impair its ability to continue production once started or force Arrival or its suppliers to pay exorbitant rates for continued access to semiconductors, and of which could have a material adverse effect on its business, prospects and results of

 

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operations. In addition, prices and transportation expenses for these materials fluctuate depending on many factors beyond Arrival’s control, including fluctuations in supply and demand, currency fluctuations, tariffs and taxes, fluctuations and shortages in petroleum supply, freight charges and other economic and political factors. Substantial increases in the prices for Arrival’s materials or prices charged to it, such as those charged by battery cell suppliers, would increase Arrival’s operating costs, and could reduce its margins if the increased costs cannot be recouped through increased commercial vehicle sales prices. Any attempts to increase product prices in response to increased material costs could result in cancellations of orders and therefore materially and adversely affect Arrival’s brand, image, business, prospects and operating results.

Arrival is subject to governmental export and import control laws and regulations. Arrival’s failure to comply with these laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Arrival’s products and solutions are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. U.S. export control laws and regulations and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments and persons. In addition, complying with export control and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may be time-consuming and result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities.

Exports of Arrival’s products and technology must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. For example, Arrival may require one or more licenses to import or export certain vehicles, components or technologies to its research and development teams in various countries and may experience delays in obtaining the requisite licenses to do so. Audits in connection with the application for licenses may increase areas of noncompliance that could result in delays or additional costs. If Arrival fails to comply with these laws and regulations, Arrival and certain of its employees could be subject to additional audits, substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges, fines, which may be imposed on Arrival and responsible employees or managers and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

As Arrival expands its microfactories globally, it may encounter unforeseen import/export charges, which could increase its costs and hamper its profitability. In addition, changes in Arrival’s products or solutions or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction and sale of Arrival’s products and solutions in international markets, increase costs due to changes in import and export duties and taxes, prevent Arrival’s customers from deploying Arrival’s products and solutions or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of Arrival’s products and solutions to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws and regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such laws and regulations, could also result in decreased use of Arrival’s products and solutions or in Arrival’s decreased ability to export or sell its products and solutions to customers. Any decreased use of Arrival’s products and solutions or limitation on its ability to export or sell its products and solutions would likely adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU, or Brexit, could result in increased regulatory, economic and political uncertainty, and impose additional challenges in securing regulatory approval of Arrival’s EVs in the EU and the rest of Europe.

On December 31, 2020 the transition period following the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU (“Brexit”) ended. On December 24, 2020, the United Kingdom and the EU agreed to a trade and cooperation agreement (the

 

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“Trade and Cooperation Agreement”), in relation to the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU which will enter into force on the first day of the month following that in which the United Kingdom and the EU have notified each other that they have completed their respective internal requirements and procedures for establishing their consent to be bound. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement took full effect on February 28, 2021 and provided for, among other things, zero-rate tariffs and zero quotas on the movement of goods between the United Kingdom and the EU.

Arrival has three microfactories in active development, one in Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA, one in Bicester, UK and one in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, and has employees in the U.S., UK and other European countries. Arrival cannot predict whether or not the United Kingdom will significantly alter its current laws and regulations in respect of the EV industry and, if so, what impact any such alteration would have on Arrival or its business. Moreover, Arrival cannot predict the impact that Brexit will have on (i) the marketing of its EVs or (ii) the process to obtain regulatory approval in the United Kingdom for its EVs. As a result of Brexit, Arrival may experience adverse impacts on customer demand and profitability in the UK and other markets. Depending on the terms of Brexit and any subsequent trade agreement, the UK could also lose access to the single EU market, or specific countries in the EU, resulting in a negative impact on the general and economic conditions in the UK and the EU. Changes may occur in regulations that Arrival is required to comply with as well as amendments to treaties governing tax, duties, tariffs, etc. which could adversely impact its operations and require it to modify its financial and supply arrangements. For example, the imposition of any import restrictions and duties levied on its EVs may make its EVs more expensive and less competitive from a pricing perspective. To avoid such impacts, Arrival may have to restructure or relocate some of its operations which would be costly and negatively impact its profitability and cash flow.

Additionally, political instability in the EU as a result of Brexit may result in a material negative effect on credit markets, currency exchange rates and foreign direct investments and any subsequent trade agreement in the EU and UK. This deterioration in economic conditions could result in increased unemployment rates, increased short- and long-term interest rates, adverse movements in exchange rates, consumer and commercial bankruptcy filings, a decline in the strength of national and local economies, and other results that negatively impact household incomes.

Furthermore, as a result of Brexit, other European countries may seek to conduct referenda with respect to their continuing membership with the EU. Given these possibilities and others Arrival may not anticipate, as well as the absence of comparable precedent, it is unclear what financial, regulatory and legal implications the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU would have and how such withdrawal would affect Arrival, and the full extent to which its business could be adversely affected.

Arrival is subject to risks related to health epidemics and pandemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which could adversely affect Arrival’s business and operating results.

Arrival faces various risks related to public health issues, including epidemics, pandemics, and other outbreaks, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The effects and potential effects of COVID-19, including, but not limited to, its impact on general economic conditions, trade and financing markets, changes in customer behavior and continuity in business operations creates significant uncertainty. The spread of COVID-19 also disrupted the manufacturing, delivery and overall supply chain of vehicle manufacturers and suppliers, and has led to a global decrease in vehicle sales in markets around the world. In particular, the COVID-19 crisis may cause a decrease in demand for Arrival’s vehicles if fleet operators delay purchases of vehicles or if fuel prices for ICE vehicles remain low, an increase in costs resulting from Arrival’s efforts to mitigate the effects of COVID-19, delays in Arrival’s schedule to full commercial production of EVs and disruptions to Arrival’s supply chain, among other negative effects.

 

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The pandemic has resulted in government authorities implementing many measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, including travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place and stay-at-home orders, and business shutdowns. In July 2021, new cases of COVID-19 in our markets began to rise substantially, connected to the spread of the Delta variant, which appears to be the most contagious variant to date. It is unclear how long the resurgence will last, how severe it will be, and what safety measures governments will impose in response to it. As cases rise, mask mandates, social-distancing, travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders could be reinstated, which could adversely affect Arrival’s start-up and manufacturing plans. Even before the recent increases in cases, many individuals remained cautious about resuming activities. The restrictions may necessitate suspended operations, closures or other measures to comply with federal and state law or to ensure the safety of our employees. If, as a result of these measures, Arrival has to limit the number of employees, consultants and contractors at any microfactory at a given time, it could cause a delay in tooling efforts or in the production schedule of its EVs. Further, Arrival’s sales and marketing activities may be adversely affected due to the cancellation or reduction of in-person sales activities, meetings, events and conferences and the increase in remote working. If Arrival’s workforce is unable to work effectively, including due to illness, quarantines, government actions or other restrictions in connection with COVID-19, Arrival’s operations will be adversely affected. In addition, the increase in remote working may also result in consumer privacy, IT security and fraud vulnerabilities, which, if exploited, could result in significant recovery costs and harm to its reputation.

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect Arrival’s business will depend on continued developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the trajectory of the Delta variant or other variants, the long-term efficacy, global availability and acceptance of the vaccines, as well as the effects of governmental stimulus legislation and other actions taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we cannot predict what restrictions may be imposed in the event of a vaccine mandate for travel to and from particular destinations and how those restrictions may affect the economy or our business. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, Arrival may continue to suffer an adverse effect to Arrival’s business due to its global economic effect, including any economic recession. If the immediate or prolonged effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have a significant adverse impact on government finances, it would create uncertainty as to the continuing availability of incentives related to EV purchases and other governmental support programs. We intend to continue to actively monitor the evolving situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by federal, state or local authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees.

Arrival is highly dependent on the services of its senior management team (including Denis Sverdlov, its Founder and Chief Executive Officer), and if Arrival is unable to retain some or all of this team, its ability to compete could be harmed.

Arrival’s success depends, in part, on its ability to retain its key personnel. Arrival is highly dependent on the services of its senior management team (including Denis Sverdlov, its Founder and Chief Executive Officer). If members of the senior management team were to discontinue their service to Arrival due to death, disability or any other reason, Arrival would be significantly disadvantaged in the event Arrival was unable to appoint suitable replacements in a timely manner. The unexpected loss of or failure to retain one or more of Arrival’s key employees could adversely affect Arrival’s business. Arrival will evaluate whether to obtain key man life insurance policies. Any failure by Arrival’s management team and Arrival’s employees to perform as expected may have a material adverse effect on Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Arrival’s success depends, in part, on its ability to attract and recruit key personnel. If Arrival is unable to attract key employees and hire qualified management, technical and vehicle engineering personnel, its ability to compete could be harmed.

Arrival’s success depends, in part, on its continuing ability to identify, hire, attract, train and develop other highly qualified personnel. Experienced and highly skilled employees are in high demand and competition for these

 

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employees can be intense. Arrival may not be able to attract, assimilate, develop or retain qualified personnel in the future, and its failure to do so could adversely affect Arrival’s business, including the execution of its global business strategy.

The Company’s ability to successfully operate the business will be largely dependent upon the efforts of certain key personnel of Arrival.

The Company’s ability to successfully operate the business is dependent upon the efforts of key personnel of Arrival. It is possible that the Company will lose some key personnel, the loss of which could negatively impact the operations and profitability of the Company. The loss of key personnel could negatively impact the operations and profitability of the Company and its financial condition could suffer as a result.

Arrival may be subject to damages resulting from claims that it or its employees, consultants, contractors or service providers have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Many of Arrival’s employees, consultants, contractors or service providers were previously employed by other automotive companies or by suppliers to automotive companies. Although Arrival tries to ensure that its employees, consultants, contractors and service providers do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, Arrival may be subject to claims that it or these employees, consultants, contractors and service providers have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If Arrival fails in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, it may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent Arrival’s ability to commercialize its products, which could severely harm its business. Even if Arrival is successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and demand on management resources.

In addition, while it is Arrival’s policy to require its employees, consultants and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, Arrival may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that Arrival regards as its own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and Arrival may be forced to bring claims against third parties or defend claims that they may bring against Arrival to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Arrival is subject to stringent and changing laws, rules, regulations and standards, information security policies and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security. Arrival’s actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could result in proceedings, actions or penalties and harm its business.

Arrival has legal and contractual obligations regarding the protection of confidentiality and appropriate use of personal information. Arrival is subject to a variety of federal, state, local and international laws, rules, directives and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and, as a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. For example, the definition of “personal information” or “personal data” under newer privacy laws is much broader than the definition of “personally identifiable information” that appears in older privacy laws, and many jurisdictions have or will soon enact new privacy laws.

Arrival publicly posts documentation regarding its practices concerning the collection, processing, use and disclosure of data. Although Arrival endeavors to comply with its published policies and documentation, it may

 

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at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. The publication of its privacy policy and other documentation that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject Arrival to potential state and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair or misrepresentative of its actual practices. Any failure by Arrival, its suppliers or other parties with whom it does business to comply with this documentation or with federal, state, local or international regulations could result in proceedings against Arrival by governmental entities or others, increased costs to its business or restrictions on Arrival’s ability to provide certain products and services that involve sharing information with third parties. In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are rising. In the United States, these include enforcement actions in response to rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of federal agencies and state attorneys general and legislatures and consumer protection agencies. In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have regularly proposed, and may propose in the future, self-regulatory standards with which Arrival must legally comply or that contractually apply to it. If Arrival fails to follow these security standards even if no customer information or other personal information is compromised, it may incur significant fines or experience a significant increase in costs.

Internationally, virtually every jurisdiction in which Arrival operates or intends to operate has established its own data security and privacy legal framework with which it or its customers must comply, including, but not limited to, the EU. The EU’s data protection landscape is currently unstable, resulting in possible significant operational costs for internal compliance and risk to its business. The EU has adopted the General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, which went into effect on May 25, 2018 and contains numerous requirements and changes from previously existing EU law, including more robust obligations on data processors and heavier documentation requirements for data protection compliance programs by companies. For example, the GDPR regulates transfers of personal data subject to the GDPR to third countries that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such personal data, including the United States. In addition, the GDPR introduced numerous privacy-related changes for companies operating in the EU, including greater control for data subjects (e.g., the “right to be forgotten”), increased data portability for EU consumers, data breach notification requirements and increased fines. Complying with the GDPR may cause Arrival to incur substantial operational costs or require it to change its business practices. Despite Arrival’s efforts to bring practices into compliance with the GDPR, it may not be successful either due to internal or external factors such as resource allocation limitations or a lack of vendor cooperation. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against Arrival by governmental entities, customers, data subjects or others. Arrival may also experience difficulty retaining or obtaining new European or multi-national customers due to the compliance cost, potential risk exposure and uncertainty for these entities, and it may experience significantly increased liability with respect to these customers pursuant to the terms set forth in its engagements with them.

Additionally, the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, under which Arrival was transferring personal data from the EU to the U.S., was invalidated by the Court of Justice of the EU on July 16, 2020. While other transfer mechanisms are still technically valid, the European Data Protection Board recently issued draft guidance requiring additional measures be implemented to protect EU personal data from foreign law enforcement, including in the U.S. As supervisory authorities continue to issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, Arrival could suffer additional costs, complaints, and/or regulatory investigations or fines. Moreover, if Arrival is otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which it operates, it could affect the manner in which Arrival provides its services and Arrival may find it necessary to establish systems in the EU to maintain personal data originating from the EU, which may involve substantial expense and distraction from other aspects of its business. In the meantime, there could be uncertainty as to how to comply with EU privacy law.

The GDPR also introduced numerous privacy-related changes for companies operating in the EU, including greater control for data subjects (including, for example, the “right to be forgotten”), increased data portability for EU consumers, data breach notification requirements and increased fines. In particular, under the GDPR,

 

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fines of up to 20 million Euros or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater, could be imposed for violations of certain of the GDPR’s requirements. Such penalties are in addition to any civil litigation claims by customers and data subjects. The GDPR requirements apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us and our subsidiaries, including employee information.

In addition to the GDPR, the European Commission has another draft regulation in the approval process that focuses on a person’s right to conduct a private life (in contrast to the GDPR, which focuses on protection of personal data). The proposed legislation, known as the Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications, or ePrivacy Regulation, would replace the current ePrivacy Directive. While the new legislation contains protections for those using communications services (for example, protections against online tracking technologies), the timing of its proposed enactment following the GDPR means that additional time and effort may need to be spent addressing differences between the ePrivacy Regulation and the GDPR. New rules related to the ePrivacy Regulation are likely to include enhanced consent requirements in order to use communications content and communications metadata, which may negatively impact Arrival’s products and its relationships with its customers.

Complying with the GDPR and the new ePrivacy Regulation, when it becomes effective, may cause Arrival to incur substantial operational costs or require it to change its business practices. Despite its efforts to bring practices into compliance before the effective date of the ePrivacy Regulation, Arrival may not be successful in its efforts to achieve compliance either due to internal or external factors, such as resource allocation limitations or a lack of vendor cooperation. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against it by governmental entities, customers, data subjects or others. Arrival may also experience difficulty retaining or obtaining new European or multi-national customers due to the legal requirements, compliance cost, potential risk exposure and uncertainty for these entities, and it may experience significantly increased liability with respect to these customers pursuant to the terms set forth in its engagements with them.

Further, the United Kingdom’s vote in favor of exiting the EU, often referred to as Brexit, and ongoing developments in the United Kingdom have created uncertainty with regard to data protection regulation in the United Kingdom. As of January 1, 2021, following the expiry of transitional arrangements agreed to between the United Kingdom and EU, data processing in the United Kingdom is governed by a United Kingdom version of the GDPR (combining the GDPR and the United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act 2018), exposing Arrival to two parallel regimes, each of which authorizes similar fines and other potentially divergent enforcement actions for certain violations. With respect to transfers of personal data from the European Economic Area, on June 28, 2021, the European Commission issued an adequacy decision in respect of the United Kingdom’s data protection framework, enabling data transfers from EU member states to the United Kingdom to continue without requiring organizations to put in place contractual or other measures in order to lawfully transfer personal data between the territories. While it is intended to last for at least four years, the European Commission may unilaterally revoke the adequacy decision at any point, and if this occurs it could lead to additional costs and increase Arrival’s overall risk exposure. Other countries have also passed or are considering passing laws requiring local data residency or restricting the international transfer of data.

U.S. laws in this area are also complex and developing rapidly. Many state legislatures have adopted legislation that regulates how businesses operate online, including measures relating to privacy, data security and data breaches. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to customers whose sensitive personally identifiable information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach (e.g., information which, if exposed, could give rise to a risk of identity theft or fraud). The laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly. States are also amending existing laws, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements, including requirements concerning documentation of information security policies, procedures and practices.

 

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Certain states in which Arrival operates or may operate in the future have enacted or may soon enact comprehensive privacy laws that may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to personal information than current federal, international or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, all of which may complicate compliance efforts. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020, imposes new and enhanced data privacy obligations and creates new privacy rights for California residents, including the right to access and delete their personal information and to opt-out of certain sharing and sales of their personal information. The CCPA broadly defines personal information and gave California residents expanded privacy rights and protections, such as affording them the right to access and request deletion of their information and to opt out of certain sharing and sales of personal information. The law also prohibits covered businesses from discriminating against California residents (for example, charging more for services) for exercising any of their rights under the CCPA. The CCPA allows for significant civil penalties and statutory damages for violations and contains a private right of action for certain data breach incidents.

In November 2020, California passed the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”). The CPRA broadly amends the CCPA and imposes additional obligations on covered businesses, including additional consumer rights processes, limitations on data uses, new audit requirements for higher risk data, and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. It will also create a new California data protection agency authorized to issue substantive regulations and could result in increased privacy and information security enforcement. The majority of the provisions will go into effect on January 1, 2023, and additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may be required. The effects of the CPRA, the CCPA, other similar state or federal laws, rules and regulations, and other future changes in laws, rules or regulations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, particularly any new or modified laws or regulations that require enhanced protection of certain types of data or new obligations with regard to data retention, transfer or disclosure, are significant, may require Arrival to modify its data processing practices and policies, and could greatly increase the cost of providing its products, require significant changes to its operations, prevent it from providing certain offerings in jurisdictions in which it currently operates, or cause it to incur potential liability in an effort to comply with such legislation.

Other state legislatures are currently contemplating, and may pass, their own comprehensive data privacy and security laws, with potentially greater penalties and more rigorous compliance requirements relevant to Arrival’s business, and many state legislatures have already adopted legislation that regulates how businesses operate online, including measures relating to privacy, data security, data breaches and the protection of sensitive and personal information. For example, on March 2, 2021, the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (“CDPA”) was signed into law. The CDPA becomes effective beginning January 1, 2023, and contains provisions that mirror those in the CCPA and CPRA that require businesses to conduct data protection assessments in certain circumstances and obtain opt-in consent from consumers to process certain sensitive personal information, among other requirements. The CDPA will require Arrival to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply with it before it becomes effective. Efforts are underway in numerous other states to pass data privacy laws that are similar to the CCPA and/or the CDPA, further complicating the legal landscape.

In addition, laws have been enacted at the city, state, and federal level in the U.S. regarding specific privacy concerns that arise in connection with certain technology, such as state and city laws regulating the collection and use of biometric information and state and federal laws regulating the use and security of “Internet of Things” technology. To the extent Arrival incorporates features into its EVs that utilize biometric scanning technology, Internet of Things capabilities, or other regulated uses of information and/or technology, Arrival’s compliance costs would increase. There is also the possibility that Congress could strengthen federal privacy laws and/or enact a new comprehensive federal privacy law that would apply to Arrival, which may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risks, require additional investment of

 

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resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs or changes in business practices and policies.

Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws along with contractually imposed industry standards are uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with Arrival’s existing data management practices or the features of its products and product capabilities. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, regulatory investigations, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, other claims and penalties, significant costs for remediation and damage to its reputation, Arrival could be required to fundamentally change its business activities and practices or modify its products and product capabilities, any of which could have an adverse effect on its business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to it, damage its reputation, inhibit sales and adversely affect its business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, its products. Privacy and data security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of its products, particularly in certain industries and foreign countries. If Arrival is not able to adjust to changing laws, regulations and standards related to the internet, its business may be harmed.

Arrival, its partners and its suppliers are or may be subject to substantial regulation and unfavorable changes to, or failure by Arrival, its partners or its suppliers to comply with, these regulations could substantially harm Arrival’s business and operating results.

Arrival’s EVs, and the sale of motor vehicles in general, its partners and its suppliers are or may be subject to substantial regulation under international, federal, state and local laws. Specifically, Arrival has been subject to investigation and remediation obligations under New Jersey’s Industrial Site Recovery Act (“ISRA”), and ISRA obligations may or may not remain outstanding. Arrival continues to evaluate requirements for licenses, approvals, certificates and governmental authorizations necessary to manufacture, sell or service its EVs in the jurisdictions in which it plans to operate and intends to take such actions necessary to comply. Arrival may experience difficulties in obtaining or complying with various licenses, approvals, certifications and other governmental authorizations necessary to manufacture, sell, transport or service their EVs in any of these jurisdictions. If Arrival, its partners or its suppliers are unable to obtain or comply with any of the licenses, approvals, certifications or other governmental authorizations necessary to carry out its operations in the jurisdictions in which they currently operate, or those jurisdictions in which they plan to operate in the future, Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected. Arrival expects to incur significant costs in complying with these regulations. For example, if the battery packs installed in Arrival’s EVs are deemed to be transported, they will need to comply with the mandatory regulations governing the transport of “dangerous goods,” and any deficiency in compliance may result in Arrival being prohibited from selling its EVs until compliant batteries are installed. Any such required changes to Arrival’s battery packs will require additional expenditures and may delay the shipment of vehicles.

In addition, regulations related to the electric and alternative energy vehicle industry are evolving and Arrival faces risks associated with changes to these regulations, including but not limited to:

 

•

increased subsidies for corn and ethanol production, which could reduce the operating cost of vehicles that use ethanol or a combination of ethanol and gasoline;

 

•

increased support for other alternative fuel systems, which could have an impact on the acceptance of Arrival’s electric powertrain system; and

 

•

increased sensitivity by regulators to the needs of established automobile manufacturers with large employment bases, high fixed costs and business models based on the ICE, which could lead them to

 

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pass regulations that could reduce the compliance costs of such established manufacturers or mitigate the effects of government efforts to promote alternative fuel vehicles.

To the extent the laws change, Arrival’s EVs and its suppliers’ products may not comply with applicable international, federal, state or local laws, which would have an adverse effect on Arrival’s business. Compliance with changing regulations could be burdensome, time consuming and expensive. To the extent compliance with new regulations is cost prohibitive, Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be adversely affected.

Increased safety, emissions, fuel economy, or other regulations may result in higher costs, cash expenditures, and/or sales restrictions.

The motorized vehicle industry is governed by a substantial amount of government regulation, which often differs by state and region. Government regulation has arisen, and proposals for additional regulation are advanced, primarily out of concern for the environment, vehicle safety, and energy independence. In addition, many governments regulate local product content and/or impose import requirements as a means of creating jobs, protecting domestic producers, and influencing the balance of payments. The cost to comply with existing government regulations is substantial, and future, additional regulations could have a substantial adverse impact on Arrival’s financial condition. For example, Arrival is, and will be, subject to extensive vehicle safety and testing and environmental regulations in the EU, the United Kingdom, the United States and other jurisdictions in which it manufactures or sells its vehicles.

The proper functioning of Arrival’s software and technology systems is essential to Arrival’s business. Arrival is subject to cybersecurity risks to its various systems and software and any material failure, weakness, interruption, cyber event, incident, undetected defects, errors or bugs, or breach of security could prevent Arrival from effectively operating its business.

Arrival is at risk for undetected errors, failures, bugs, vulnerabilities, defects, interruptions, outages and breaches of: (a) operational systems, including business, financial, accounting, product development, data processing or production processes, owned by Arrival or its third-party vendors or suppliers; (b) facility security systems, owned by Arrival or its third-party vendors or suppliers; (c) transmission control modules or other in-product technology, owned by Arrival or its third-party vendors or suppliers; (d) the integrated software in Arrival’s EVs; or (e) customer or driver data that Arrival processes or its third-party vendors or suppliers process on its behalf.

Despite testing by Arrival, real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects may not be found until its customers use Arrival’s products, which could result in negative publicity, loss of or delay in market acceptance of its products, harm to its brand and competitive position, increased regulatory scrutiny, fines or penalties, loss of revenue or liability for damages, and access or other performance issues. In such an event, Arrival may be required, or may independently choose, to expend significant additional resources in order to analyze, correct, eliminate, or work around errors, bugs or defects or to address, analyze, correct, and eliminate software platform vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities could also be exploited by malicious actors and result in exposure of user data, or otherwise result in a security breach or other security incident. Any real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects in its products could also impair Arrival’s ability to attract new customers and partners, retain existing customers and partners, and/or expand their use of its products. Moreover, such failures, defects, errors or bugs may be present in the software Arrival licenses from third parties, including open source software.

Additionally, if customers fail to adequately deploy protection measures or update Arrival’s products, customers and the public may erroneously believe that its products are especially susceptible to cyber-attacks. Real or perceived security breaches against Arrival’s products could cause disruption or damage to its customers’

 

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networks or other negative consequences and could result in negative publicity, damage to its reputation, lead to other customer relations issues and adversely affect its revenue and results of operations. Arrival may also be subject to liability claims for damages related to real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects in its products. A material liability claim or other occurrence that harms Arrival’s reputation or decreases market acceptance of its products may harm its business and results of operations. In addition, any errors, failures, bugs, vulnerabilities, defects, disruptions in service, or other performance problems with Arrival’s products may damage its customers’ business and could hurt its reputation.

Moreover, such vulnerabilities could: materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of intellectual property, trade secrets or other confidential, proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise certain information of customers, employees, suppliers, drivers or others; jeopardize the security of Arrival’s microfactories; or affect the performance of transmission control modules or other in-product technology and the integrated software in Arrival’s EVs. A cyber incident could be caused by disasters, insiders (through inadvertence or with malicious intent) or malicious third parties (including nation-states or nation-state supported actors) using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption and other security defenses, including hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception. The techniques used by cyber attackers change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time. Although Arrival maintains information technology measures designed to protect itself against intellectual property theft, data breaches and other cyber incidents, such measures will require updates and improvements, and Arrival cannot guarantee that such measures will be adequate to detect, prevent or mitigate cyber incidents. The implementation, maintenance, segregation and improvement of these systems requires significant management time, support and cost. Moreover, there are inherent risks associated with developing, improving, expanding and updating current systems, including the disruption of Arrival’s data management, procurement, production execution, finance, supply chain and sales and service processes. These risks may affect Arrival’s ability to manage its data and inventory, procure parts or supplies or produce, sell, deliver and service its electric powertrain solutions, adequately protect its intellectual property or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, applicable laws, regulations and contracts. Arrival cannot be sure that these systems upon which it relies, including those of its third-party vendors or suppliers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned. If Arrival does not successfully implement, maintain or expand these systems as planned, its operations may be disrupted, its ability to accurately and timely report its financial results could be impaired, and deficiencies may arise in its internal control over financial reporting, which may impact Arrival’s ability to certify its financial results. Moreover, Arrival’s proprietary information or intellectual property could be compromised or misappropriated and its reputation may be adversely affected. If these systems do not operate as Arrival expects them to, Arrival may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or find alternative sources for performing these functions.

A significant cyber incident could impact production capability, harm Arrival’s reputation, cause Arrival to breach its contracts with other parties or subject Arrival to regulatory actions or litigation, any of which could materially affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. In addition, while Arrival is in the process of obtaining insurance coverage for cyberattacks, such coverage may not be sufficient to cover all the costs, expenses and losses it may experience as a result of a cyber incident. Any incidents may result in loss of, or increased costs of, Arrival’s cybersecurity insurance. Arrival also cannot ensure that its insurance coverage will be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims related to a security incident or breach, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against Arrival that exceeds available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in Arrival’s insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or coinsurance requirements, could adversely affect its reputation and business, financial condition and/or results of operations.

 

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Arrival also collects, stores, transmits and otherwise processes customer, driver and employee and others’ data as part of its business and operations, which may include personal data or confidential or proprietary information.

Arrival also works with partners and third-party service providers or vendors that collect, store and process such data on its behalf and in connection with its products and services. Arrival’s and its third-party service providers’ or vendors’ data centers could be subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism causing potential disruptions. Some of Arrival’s systems will not be fully redundant, and its disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any problems at Arrival’s or its third-party service providers’ or vendors’ data centers could result in lengthy interruptions in our service. There can be no assurance that any security or other operational measures that Arrival or its third-party service providers or vendors have implemented will be effective against current or future security threats. While Arrival has developed systems and processes designed to protect the availability, integrity, confidentiality and security of its and its customers’, drivers’, employees’ and others’ data, Arrival’s security measures or those of its third-party service providers or vendors could fail and result in unauthorized access to or disclosure, acquisition, encryption, modification, misuse, loss, destruction or other compromise of such data. If a compromise of such data were to occur, Arrival may become liable under its contracts with other parties and under applicable law for damages and incur penalties and other costs to respond to, investigate and remedy such an incident.

Moreover, there are federal, state, and local laws regarding privacy and the storage, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personally identifiable information and user data with which Arrival must comply, and new legislation may be enacted or existing legislation may be amended that could increase costs or require Arrival to revise its policies. For example, laws in all 50 states, as well as many international jurisdictions, require Arrival to provide notice to customers, regulators, credit reporting agencies and/or others when certain personal information has been compromised as a result of a security breach. Such laws are inconsistent and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach could be costly. Depending on the facts and circumstances of such an incident, these damages, penalties, fines and costs could be significant. Such an event could harm Arrival’s reputation and result in litigation against Arrival. Any of these results could materially adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Some of Arrival’s products contain open source software, which may pose particular risks to its proprietary software, products and services in a manner that could harm its business.

Arrival uses open source software in its products and anticipates using open source software in the future. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement, misappropriation or other violation claims or the quality of the code. Some open source software licenses require those who distribute open source software as part of their own software product to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software product or to make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost, and Arrival may be subject to such terms. The terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on Arrival’s ability to provide or distribute Arrival’s products or services. More specifically, if Arrival fails to comply, or are alleged to have failed to comply, with the terms and conditions of its open source licenses, it could be (i) required to incur significant legal expenses defending such allegations, (ii) subject to significant damages, (iii) required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering its products, (iv) required to re-engineer its products or discontinue the sale of its products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, (v) enjoined from the sale of its proprietary solutions, or (vi) required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on its proprietary solutions, any of which could be disruptive to it business.

 

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Arrival could face claims from third-parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that Arrival developed using such software, which could include Arrival’s proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation and could require Arrival to make its software source code freely available, purchase a costly license or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until Arrival can re-engineer them to avoid infringement, which may be a costly and time-consuming process, and Arrival may not be able to complete the re-engineering process successfully. This could allow Arrival’s competitors to create similar solutions with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales. Arrival cannot ensure that it has not incorporated open source software in its software in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the applicable license or its current policies, and Arrival may inadvertently use open source in a manner that it does not intend or that could expose it to claims for breach of contract or intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation.

Additionally, the use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of software. There is typically no support available for open source software, and Arrival cannot ensure that the authors of such open source software will implement or push updates to address security risks or will not abandon further development and maintenance. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software, such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title or performance, cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, could have an adverse effect on Arrival’s business and results.

While Arrival monitors it use of open source software and tries to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require Arrival to disclose its proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur, or could be claimed to have occurred, in part because open source license terms are often ambiguous. Additionally, Arrival cannot be sure that all of its use of open source software is in a manner that is consistent with its current policies and procedures, or will not subject Arrival to liability. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage and, if not addressed, could have an adverse effect on Arrival’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any unauthorized control or manipulation of the information technology systems in Arrival’s EVs could result in loss of confidence in Arrival and its EVs and harm Arrival’s business.

Arrival’s EVs contain complex information technology systems and built-in data connectivity to accept and install periodic remote updates to improve or update functionality. Arrival has designed, implemented and tested security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to its information technology networks, its EVs and related systems. However, hackers may attempt to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, trucks and systems to gain control of or to change Arrival’s EVs’ functionality, user interface and performance characteristics, or to gain access to data stored in or generated by the vehicles. Future vulnerabilities could be identified and Arrival’s efforts to remediate such vulnerabilities may not be successful. In addition to costs associated with investigating and fully disclosing a data breach, any unauthorized access to or control of Arrival’s EVs, or any loss of customer data, could result in legal claims or proceedings. Remediation of such problems could result in significant, unplanned capital expenditures. In addition, regardless of their veracity, reports of unauthorized access to Arrival’s EVs or data, as well as other factors that may result in the perception that Arrival’s EVs or data are capable of being “hacked,” could negatively affect Arrival’s brand and harm its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Changes in tax laws may materially adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect Arrival’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Further,

 

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existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to Arrival. For example, U.S. federal tax legislation enacted in 2017, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to the TCJA may affect Arrival, and certain aspects of the TCJA could be repealed or modified in future legislation. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), has already modified certain provisions of the TCJA. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the TCJA, the CARES Act or any newly enacted federal tax legislation.

Arrival will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and its management will devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

Arrival may incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company and after Arrival is no longer an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. As a public company, Arrival is subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and Nasdaq. Arrival’s management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, Arrival expects these rules and regulations to substantially increase its legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time consuming and costly. The increased costs will increase Arrival’s net loss. For example, Arrival expects these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for it to obtain director and officer liability insurance and it may be forced to accept reduced policy limits or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. Arrival cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs it may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for Arrival to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on its Board of Directors, its board advisors or as executive officers.

Arrival’s management has limited experience in operating a public company.

Arrival’s executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of Arrival. Arrival may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for Arrival to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that Arrival will be required to expand its employee base and hire additional employees to support its operations as a public company, which will increase its operating costs in future periods.

Arrival is controlled by Kinetik S.à r.l., whose interests may conflict with the Company’s interests and the interests of other shareholders.

Kinetik S.à r.l., which was founded by Denis Sverdlov, who is the Chief Executive Officer of Arrival, owns 74.67% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares. In addition, pursuant to the Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement, until at least December 31, 2022, Kinetik S.à.r.l., must maintain beneficial ownership of at least 50% of the outstanding voting securities of Arrival. As long as Kinetik S.à r.l. owns at least 50% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares, Kinetik S.à r.l. will have the ability to determine all corporate actions requiring shareholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and the size of the Board of Directors, any amendments to Arrival’s articles of association, or the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of Arrival’s assets. In addition, as long as Kinetik S.à r.l. or its affiliates beneficially own at least 30% in the aggregate of the outstanding shares of Arrival, pursuant to the Nomination

 

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Agreement between the Company and Kinetik S.à r.l. dated March 24, 2021., Kinetik S.à r.l. has the right to propose for appointment a majority of the board of directors, at least one-half of whom must be independent under Nasdaq rules, and the right to appoint a director to each of the audit, compensation and nominating committees of the Board of Directors. This could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of Arrival, which could cause the market price of Ordinary Shares to decline or prevent shareholders from realizing a premium over the market price for Ordinary Shares. Kinetik S.à r.l.’s interests may conflict with Arrival’s interests as a company or the interests of Arrivals’ other shareholders.

A market for the Arrival’s securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of its securities.

The price of Arrival’s securities may fluctuate significantly due to general market and economic conditions. An active trading market for the Arrival’s securities may never develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. In addition, the price of the Arrival’s securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, its general business condition and the release of its financial reports. Additionally, if its securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of its securities may be more limited than if it were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about Arrival, its business, or its market, or if they change their recommendations regarding Ordinary Shares adversely, then the price and trading volume of Ordinary Shares could decline.

The trading market for Ordinary Shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about Arrival, its business, its market, or its competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover Arrival change their recommendation regarding Ordinary Shares adversely, cease to provide coverage or provide more favorable relative recommendations about Arrival’s competitors, the price of Ordinary Shares would likely decline.

New investors in our Ordinary Shares will experience immediate and substantial book value dilution after this offering.

The assumed public offering price of our Ordinary Shares is substantially higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share of the outstanding Ordinary Shares immediately after the offering. Based on the assumed public offering price of $             per share, which is the last reported sale price of our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and our net tangible book value as of                  , 2021, if you purchase our Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of $             per share (€            ), representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering. As a result of this dilution, investors purchasing shares in this offering may receive significantly less than the full purchase price that they paid for the shares purchased in this offering in the event of a liquidation.

We also have approximately 7,487,670 Ordinary Shares issuable on a time basis and 7,090,465 Ordinary Shares issuable on a milestone basis upon exercise of stock options outstanding as of June 30, 2021 , and 7,868,784 outstanding warrants as of June 30, 2021, to purchase Ordinary Shares with exercise prices that are below the assumed public offering price of the Ordinary Shares. To the extent that these options are exercised, investors in this offering may experience further dilution.

 

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CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT REQUESTED PURSUANT TO 17 C.F.R. §200.83

 

Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from this offering and may not use the proceeds effectively.

Because we have not designated the amount of net proceeds from this offering to be used for any particular purpose, our management will have broad discretion as to the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could use them for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of the offering. Our management may use the net proceeds for corporate purposes that may not improve our financial condition or market value.

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, for the foreseeable future, to repay indebtedness and to fund the development and growth of our business. We do not intend to pay any dividends to holders of our Ordinary Shares. As a result, capital appreciation in the price of our Ordinary Shares, if any, will be your only source of gain on an investment in our Ordinary Shares.

The JOBS Act permits “emerging growth companies” like Arrival to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Arrival currently qualifies as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, which we refer to as the “JOBS Act.” As such, Arrival takes advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as it continues to be an emerging growth company, including the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As a result, Arrival’s shareholders may not have access to certain information they deem important. Arrival expects to remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2021.

Arrival cannot predict if investors will find Ordinary Shares less attractive because it relies on these exemptions. If some investors find Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market and share price for Ordinary Shares may be more volatile. Arrival does not expect to qualify as an emerging growth company as of December 31, 2021 and may incur increased legal, accounting and compliance costs associated with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

The Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering could cause the market price for our Ordinary Shares to decline.

Concurrently with this offering, we are offering, by means of a separate offering memorandum, $             aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes (or up to $             aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes if the initial purchasers in that offering exercise their option in full). Upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our Ordinary Shares or a combination thereof, at our election.

The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes issued in the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering may dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders. Any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Convertible Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the Convertible Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

 

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CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT REQUESTED PURSUANT TO 17 C.F.R. §200.83

 

Risks Related to Investment in a Luxembourg Company and Arrival’s Status as a Foreign Private Issuer

As a foreign private issuer, Arrival will be exempt from a number of U.S. securities laws and rules promulgated thereunder and will be permitted to publicly disclose less information than U.S. public companies must. This may limit the information available to holders of the Ordinary Shares.

Arrival qualifies as a “foreign private issuer,” as defined in the SEC’s rules and regulations, and, consequently, Arrival is not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to public companies organized within the United States. For example, Arrival is exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act. In addition, Arrival’s officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of Arrival’s securities. For example, some of Arrival’s key executives may sell a significant amount of Ordinary Shares and such sales will not be required to be disclosed as promptly as public companies organized within the United States would have to disclose. Accordingly, once such sales are eventually disclosed, the price of Ordinary Shares may decline significantly. Moreover, Arrival is not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. public companies. Arrival also is not subject to Regulation FD under the Exchange Act, which would prohibit Arrival from selectively disclosing material nonpublic information to certain persons without concurrently making a widespread public disclosure of such information. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning Arrival than there is for U.S. public companies.

As a foreign private issuer, Arrival files an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the close of each fiscal year ended December 31 and furnishes reports on Form 6-K relating to certain material events promptly after Arrival publicly announces these events. However, because of the above exemptions for foreign private issuers, which Arrival intends to rely on, Arrival’s shareholders will not be afforded the same information generally available to investors holding shares in public companies that are not foreign private issuers.

Arrival may lose its foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses. This would subject Arrival to U.S. GAAP reporting requirements which may be difficult for it to comply with.

As a foreign private issuer, Arrival is not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and related rules and regulations. Under those rules, the determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to Arrival on June 30, 2022.

In the future, Arrival could lose its foreign private issuer status if a majority of its Ordinary Shares are held by residents in the United States and it fails to meet any one of the additional “business contacts” requirements. Although Arrival intends to follow certain practices that are consistent with U.S. regulatory provisions applicable to U.S. companies, Arrival’s loss of foreign private issuer status would make such provisions mandatory. The regulatory and compliance costs to Arrival under U.S. securities laws if it is deemed a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher. If Arrival is not a foreign private issuer, Arrival will be required to file periodic reports and prospectuses on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. For example, Arrival would become subject to the Regulation FD, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. Arrival also may be required to modify certain of its policies to comply with good governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion and modifications will involve additional costs. In addition, Arrival may lose its ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq that are available

 

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to foreign private issuers. For example, Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of independent board members and independent director oversight of executive compensation, nomination of directors, and corporate governance matters. Nasdaq rules also require shareholder approval of certain share issuances, including approval of equity compensation plans. As a foreign private issuer, Arrival would be permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements and intends to do so. Arrival intends to follow Luxembourg practice with respect to quorum requirements for shareholder meetings in lieu of the requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rules that the quorum be not less than 33 1/3% of the outstanding voting shares. Under Arrival’s articles of association, at an ordinary general meeting, there is no quorum requirement and resolutions are adopted by a simple majority of validly cast votes. In addition, under Arrival’s articles of association, for any resolutions to be considered at an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders, the quorum shall be at least one half of our issued share capital unless otherwise mandatorily required by law. As long as Arrival relies on the foreign private issuer exemption to certain of Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards, a majority of the directors on the Board of Directors are not required to be independent directors, its remuneration committee is not required to be comprised entirely of independent directors, it will not be required to have a nominating and corporate governance committee and it is not required to obtain shareholder approval of the EIP. Also, Arrival would be required to change its basis of accounting from IFRS as issued by the IASB to U.S. GAAP, which may be difficult and costly for it to comply with. If Arrival loses its foreign private issuer status and fails to comply with U.S. securities laws applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, Arrival may have to de-list from Nasdaq and could be subject to investigation by the SEC, Nasdaq and other regulators, among other materially adverse consequences.

If Arrival no longer qualifies as a foreign private issuer, it may be eligible to take advantage of exemptions from Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards if it continues to qualify as a “controlled company.” Kinetik S.à r.l. owns 74.67% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares. As a result, Arrival will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq rules. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, a group, or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

 

•

the requirement that a majority of the Board of Directors consist of independent directors;

 

•

the requirement that compensation of its executive officers be determined by a majority of the independent directors of the Board of Directors or a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

 

•

the requirement that director nominees be selected, or recommended for the Board of Directors’ selection, either by a majority of the independent directors of the Board of Directors or a nominating committee comprised solely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities.

If Arrival elects to take advantage of these exemptions, shareholders would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all the Nasdaq corporate governance standards.

Arrival is organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and a substantial amount of its assets are not located in the United States. It may be difficult for you to obtain or enforce judgments or bring original actions against Arrival or the members of the Board of Directors in the United States.

Arrival is organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In addition, a substantial amount of its assets are located outside the United States. Furthermore, some of the members of the Board of Directors and officers reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of Arrival’s assets are located outside the United States. Investors may not be able to effect service of process within the United States upon Arrival or

 

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these persons or enforce judgments obtained against Arrival or these persons in U.S. courts, including judgments in actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Likewise, it also may be difficult for an investor to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained against Arrival or these persons in courts located in jurisdictions outside the United States, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere are generally not enforceable in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

As there is no treaty in force on the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters between the United States and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, courts in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg will not automatically recognize and enforce a final judgment rendered by a U.S. court. A valid judgment obtained from a court of competent jurisdiction in the United States may be entered and enforced through a court of competent jurisdiction in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, subject to compliance with the enforcement procedures (exequatur). The enforceability in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg courts of judgments rendered by U.S. courts will be subject, prior to any enforcement in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, to the procedure and the conditions set forth in the Luxembourg procedural code (nouveau code de procédure civile), which conditions may include the following as of the date of this prospectus (which may change):

 

•

the judgment of the U.S. court is final and enforceable (exécutoire) in the United States;

 

•

the U.S. court had jurisdiction over the subject matter leading to the judgment (that is, its jurisdiction was in compliance both with Luxembourg private international law rules and with the applicable domestic U.S. federal or state jurisdictional rules);

 

•

the U.S. court applied to the dispute the substantive law that would have been applied by Luxembourg courts (based on recent case law and legal doctrine, it is not certain that this condition would still be required for an exequatur to be granted by a Luxembourg court);

 

•

the judgment was granted following proceedings where the counterparty had the opportunity to appear and, if it appeared, to present a defense, and the decision of the foreign court must not have been obtained by fraud, but in compliance with the rights of the defendant;

 

•

the U.S. court acted in accordance with its own procedural laws; and

 

•

the decisions and the considerations of the U.S. court must not be contrary to Luxembourg international public policy rules or have been given in proceedings of a tax or criminal nature or rendered subsequent to an evasion of Luxembourg law (fraude à la loi). Awards of damages made under civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, or other laws, which are classified by Luxembourg courts as being of a penal or punitive nature (for example, fines or punitive damages), might not be recognized by Luxembourg courts. Ordinarily, an award of monetary damages would not be considered as a penalty, but if the monetary damages include punitive damages, such punitive damages may be considered a penalty.

In addition, actions brought in a Luxembourg court against Arrival, the members of the Board of Directors, its officers, or the experts named herein to enforce liabilities based on U.S. federal securities laws may be subject to certain restrictions. In particular, Luxembourg courts generally do not award punitive damages. Litigation in Luxembourg also is subject to rules of procedure that differ from the U.S. rules, including, with respect to the taking and admissibility of evidence, the conduct of the proceedings and the allocation of costs. Proceedings in Luxembourg would have to be conducted in the French or German language, and all documents submitted to the court would, in principle, have to be translated into French or German. For these reasons, it may be difficult for a U.S. investor to bring an original action in a Luxembourg court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against Arrival, the members of the Board of Directors, its officers, or the experts named herein. In addition, even if a judgment against Arrival, the non-U.S. members of the Board of Directors, its officers, or the experts named in this prospectus based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws is obtained, a U.S. investor may not be able to enforce it in U.S. or Luxembourg courts.

 

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CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT REQUESTED PURSUANT TO 17 C.F.R. §200.83

 

The directors and officers of Arrival have entered into, or will enter into, indemnification agreements with Arrival. Under such agreements, the directors and officers will be entitled to indemnification from Arrival to the fullest extent permitted by Luxemburg law against liability and expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him or her in connection with any claim, action, suit, or proceeding in which he or she would be involved by virtue of his or her being or having been a director or officer and against amounts paid or incurred by him or her in the settlement thereof. Luxembourg law permits Arrival to keep directors indemnified against any expenses, judgments, fines and amounts paid in connection with liability of a director towards Arrival or a third party for management errors i.e., for wrongful acts committed during the execution of the mandate (mandat) granted to the director by Arrival, except in connection with criminal offenses, gross negligence or fraud. The rights to and obligations of indemnification among or between Arrival and any of its current or former directors and officers are generally governed by the laws of Luxembourg and subject to the jurisdiction of the Luxembourg courts, unless such rights or obligations do not relate to or arise out of such persons’ capacities listed above. Although there is doubt as to whether U.S. courts would enforce this indemnification provision in an action brought in the United States under U.S. federal or state securities laws, this provision could make it more difficult to obtain judgments outside Luxembourg or from non-Luxembourg jurisdictions that would apply Luxembourg law against Arrival’s assets in Luxembourg.

Luxembourg and European insolvency and bankruptcy laws are substantially different from U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws and may offer Arrival’s shareholders less protection than they would have under U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws.

As a company organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and with its registered office in Luxembourg, Arrival is subject to Luxembourg insolvency and bankruptcy laws in the event any insolvency proceedings are initiated against it including, among other things, Council and European Parliament Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings (recast). Should courts in another European country determine that the insolvency and bankruptcy laws of that country apply to Arrival in accordance with and subject to such EU regulations, the courts in that country could have jurisdiction over the insolvency proceedings initiated against Arrival. Insolvency and bankruptcy laws in Luxembourg or the relevant other European country, if any, may offer Arrival’s shareholders less protection than they would have under U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws and make it more difficult for them to recover the amount they could expect to recover in a liquidation under U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws.

The rights of Arrival’s shareholders may differ from the rights they would have as shareholders of a United States corporation, which could adversely impact trading in Ordinary Shares and its ability to conduct equity financings.

Arrival’s corporate affairs are governed by Arrival’s articles of association and the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, including the Luxembourg Company Law (loi du 10 août 1915 concernant les sociétés commerciales, telle que modifiée) (the “1915 Law”). The rights of Arrival’s shareholders and the responsibilities of its directors and officers under Luxembourg law are different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States. For example, under Delaware law, the board of directors of a Delaware corporation bears the ultimate responsibility for managing the business and affairs of a corporation. In discharging this function, directors of a Delaware corporation owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to the corporation and its shareholders. Luxembourg law imposes a duty on directors of a Luxembourg company to: (i) act in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company they manage; and (ii) exercise the care, diligence, and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in a similar position and under comparable circumstances. Additionally, under Delaware law, a shareholder may bring a derivative action on behalf of a company to enforce a company’s rights. Under Luxembourg law, the board of directors has sole authority to decide whether to initiate legal action to enforce a company’s rights (other than, in certain circumstances, an action against members of the Board of Directors, which may be initiated by the general meeting of the

 

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shareholders, or, subject to certain conditions, by minority shareholders holding together at least 10% of the voting rights in the company). Further, under Luxembourg law, there may be less publicly available information about Arrival than is regularly published by or about U.S. issuers. In addition, Luxembourg laws governing the securities of Luxembourg companies may not be as extensive as those in effect in the United States, and Luxembourg laws and regulations in respect of corporate governance matters might not be as protective of minority shareholders as are state corporation laws in the United States. Therefore, Arrival’s shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by Arrival’s directors, officers or principal shareholders than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States. As a result of these differences, Arrival’s shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a U.S. issuer.

U.S. Tax Risk Factors

Arrival might not be able to utilize a significant portion of its U.S. NOL carryforwards.

As of June 30, 2021, Arrival had U.S. federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards. There can be no assurance that Arrival will generate revenue from sales of products in the foreseeable future, if ever, and Arrival may never achieve profitability. These NOL carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, unused federal NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, will not expire and may be carried forward indefinitely, and generally may not be carried back to prior taxable years, except that, under the CARES Act, a 5-year carryback of NOLs arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2021, is permitted. Additionally, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, the deductibility of such U.S. federal NOLs is limited to 80% of its taxable income in any future taxable year. In addition, under Section 382 of the Code, the amount of benefits from its NOL carryforwards may be impaired or limited if Arrival incurs a cumulative ownership change of more than 50% over a three-year period. Arrival may have experienced ownership changes in the past, including as a result of the Business Combination and may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in its stock ownership, some of which are outside its control. Arrival has not conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since inception due to significant complexity with such a study. As a result, its use of U.S. federal NOL carryforwards could be limited. State NOL carryforwards may be similarly limited. Any such disallowances may result in greater tax liabilities than Arrival would incur in the absence of such a limitation and any increased liabilities could adversely affect its business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

If Arrival is a passive foreign investment company for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, U.S. holders of Ordinary Shares could be subject to adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

If Arrival is or becomes a “passive foreign investment company,” or a PFIC, within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder (as defined in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Holders”) holds Ordinary Shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences may apply to such U.S. holder. PFIC status depends on the composition of a company’s income and assets and the fair market value of its assets from time to time, as well as on the application of complex statutory and regulatory rules that are subject to potentially varying or changing interpretations. Based on the projected composition of Arrival’s income and assets, including goodwill, and the fact that Arrival is not yet producing revenue from its active operations, Arrival may be classified as a PFIC in the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that Arrival will not be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year.

If Arrival were treated as a PFIC, a U.S. holder of Ordinary Shares may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as taxation at the highest marginal ordinary income tax rates on capital gains and

 

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on certain actual or deemed distributions, interest charges on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additional reporting requirements. Certain elections (including a qualified electing fund (“QEF”) or a mark-to-market election) may be available to U.S. holders of Ordinary Shares to mitigate some of the adverse tax consequences resulting from PFIC treatment.

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of Arrival’s shares, such person may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of Arrival’s shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each of Arrival and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (“Company Group”) that is a “controlled foreign corporation.” The Company Group includes a U.S. subsidiary. So long as the Company Group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, under recently-enacted rules, certain of Arrival’s non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as controlled foreign corporations regardless of whether Arrival is treated as a controlled foreign corporation (although there are currently proposed Treasury Regulations that may significantly limit the application of these rules).

A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of the controlled foreign corporation’s “Subpart F income” and (in computing its “global intangible low-taxed income”) “tested income” and a pro rata share of the amount of U.S. property (including certain stock in U.S. corporations and certain tangible assets located in the United States) held by the controlled foreign corporation regardless of whether such controlled foreign corporation makes any distributions. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations (or related tax payment obligations) may subject such United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such United States shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting (or payment of tax) was due from starting. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Arrival cannot provide any assurances that it will assist holders in determining whether any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries are treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether any holder is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any of such controlled foreign corporations or furnish to any holder information that may be necessary to comply with reporting and tax paying obligations.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We will receive up to an aggregate of $             after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us. We expect to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes.

All of the Ordinary Shares offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

 

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CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT REQUESTED PURSUANT TO 17 C.F.R. §200.83

 

DIVIDEND POLICY

From the annual net profits of the Company, at least 5% shall each year be allocated to the reserve required by applicable laws (the “Legal Reserve”). That allocation to the Legal Reserve will cease to be required as soon and as long as the Legal Reserve amounts to 10% of the amount of the share capital of the Company. The general meeting of shareholders shall resolve how the remainder of the annual net profits, after allocation to the Legal Reserve, will be disposed of by allocating the whole or part of the remainder to a reserve or to a provision, by carrying it forward to the next following financial year or by distributing it, together with carried forward profits, distributable reserves or share premium to the shareholders, each Ordinary Share entitling to the same proportion in such distributions.

The Board of Directors may resolve that the Company pays out an interim dividend to the shareholders, subject to the conditions of article 461-3 of the 1915 Law and the Company’s articles of association. The Board of Directors shall set the amount and the date of payment of the interim dividend.

Any share premium, assimilated premium or other distributable reserve may be freely distributed to the shareholders subject to the provisions of the 1915 Law and the Company’s articles of association. In case of a dividend payment, each shareholder is entitled to receive a dividend right pro rata according to his or her respective shareholding. The dividend entitlement lapses upon the expiration of a five-year prescription period from the date of the dividend distribution. The unclaimed dividends return to the Company’s accounts.

 

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DILUTION

If you invest in our Ordinary Shares, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per Ordinary Share and the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share upon the consummation of this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the per share offering price of our Ordinary Shares is in excess of the book value per share attributable to new investors.

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of                  was $                , or $                 per Ordinary Share. Pro forma net tangible book value represents the amount of total tangible assets less total liabilities, and pro forma net tangible book value per share represents pro forma net tangible book value divided by the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding.

After giving effect to (i) the sale of                  Ordinary Shares in this offering at the assumed public offering price of $                 per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) and (ii) the application of the net proceeds from this offering, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of                  would have been $                 million, or $                 per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $                 per share to our existing investors and an immediate dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $                 per share to new investors.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share of Ordinary Shares basis:

 

Assumed public offering price per share		$
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors		$
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering
Dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering		$

The following table summarizes, on an as adjusted basis as of                 , after giving effect to this offering, the total number of Ordinary Shares purchased from us, the total cash consideration paid to us, or to be paid, and the average price per share paid, or to be paid, by new investors purchasing shares in this offering, at an assumed public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, before deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions:

 

		Shares Purchased								Total Consideration								Average Price Per Share
		Number				Percent				Amount				Percent
Existing stockholders								%		$						%		$
New investors
Total			$				100.0	%						$	100.0	%		$

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of $                 per share would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by $                 million, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $                 and the dilution per share to new investors by $                 assuming the number of Ordinary Shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters were to fully exercise their option to purchase                  additional Ordinary Shares, the percentage of Ordinary Shares held by existing investors would be %, and the percentage of shares of our Ordinary Shares held by new investors would be                 %.

 

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The above discussion and tables are based on the number of shares and options to purchase shares outstanding as of                 . In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

 

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets out our consolidated capitalization as of June 30, 2021 (i) on an actual basis, and (ii) on an as adjusted basis to give effect to this offering. Additionally, the table below assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional Ordinary Shares and does not reflect the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering or any shares reserved for issuance upon conversion of the Convertible Notes. The information below should be read together with the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

 

		As of June 30, 2021 ((€) in millions)
		Actual				As Adjusted
Non-current assets			444.3
Cash and cash equivalents			445.0
Other current assets			102.9
Total assets			992.2
Current liabilities			73.8
Loans and borrowings(1)			118.8
Deferred tax liability			7.3
Warrant liability			16.9
Total liabilities			216.8
Share capital			61.4
Share premium			4,836.4
Other reserves			(2,839.6	)
Accumulated deficit			(1,282.9	)
Total shareholders’ equity			775.4
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity			992.2

 

(1)	Consists of lease liabilities, primarily on Arrival facilities.

 

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BUSINESS

Overview

Arrival was founded with a mission to transform the design, assembly and distribution of commercial EVs and accelerate the mass adoption of EVs globally. The initial focus for Arrival is the production of commercial EV vans, buses and cars. Arrival believes this segment of the automotive market is currently underserved by other EV manufacturers and is a global market with significant scale opportunities. Arrival also believes the commercial vehicle segment will move quickly to EVs, and that this migration will be supported worldwide by local, state, and national government policies that either encourage EV usage via subsidies or enact usage taxes on fleet operators who continue to operate ICE vehicles. Arrival also believes that commercial fleet operators will be attracted to Arrival’s vehicles in particular, because of their attractive TCO. Commercial fleet operators have well understood range requirements, and the vehicles typically return to a central depot every evening where the vehicles can be charged overnight. For all these reasons, Arrival expects the commercial vehicle fleets to migrate to EVs even more quickly than automotive retail segments.

Arrival has focused over 2,150 of its employees, as of the date hereof, on the research and development of an owned and controlled ecosystem, with each functional area integrated and working together to best position Arrival to deliver lower cost EVs with user benefits. To date, Arrival has developed an extensive portfolio of intellectual property that currently comprises more than 240 patent assets that span across EV designs, battery-related innovations, composite material configurations, microfactory production procedures, modular hardware and software applications, and robotic assembly protocols.

Arrival finalized a €100 million investment and signed a collaboration agreement with HKMC, one of the largest global OEMs, in the fourth quarter of 2019. In 2020, Arrival finalized an investment and signed a vehicle sales agreement with UPS, which included an initial order of 10,000 electric vans with an option to purchase an additional 10,000 electric vans, subject to modification or cancellation at any time. Arrival has a longstanding relationship with UPS and has been working with them since 2016. In October 2020, Arrival secured €150.5 million in additional funding from private investors led by funds and accounts managed by BlackRock. In July 2021, Arrival and LeasePlan, one of the world’s leading “car-as-a-service” companies, entered into an agreement pursuant to which LeasePlan will be the preferred operational leasing partner for Arrival Vans. Additionally, Arrival and LeasePlan entered into a vehicle sales agreement in September 2021, pursuant to which Arrival agreed to provide LeasePlan with priority to purchase an initial amount of 3,000 vans and LeasePlan agreed on a best efforts basis to purchase such vans. In July 2021, Arrival partnered with ATN to produce Arrival Buses in connection with a $2.0 million grant ATN received from the FTA. The Company announced in May 2021 that it is partnering with Uber pursuant to a non-binding memorandum of understanding to develop the Arrival Car, an affordable, purpose-built EV for ride-hailing drivers. The Arrival Car will join Arrival’s previously announced commercial products, the Arrival Bus and Arrival Van, to provide cities with a multi-modal zero-emission transportation ecosystem that they require in order to meet their sustainability goals over the coming years.

Arrival has four vehicle platforms currently under development: Arrival Bus, Arrival Van, large van and Arrival Car. The estimated start of production for the Arrival Bus is in the second quarter of 2022 and that for the Arrival Van is in the third quarter of 2022.

Arrival’s Competitive Positioning

Arrival has developed core technologies that enable the production of EVs through its proprietary microfactories. Arrival believes these technologies will enable it to produce EVs at a competitive cost and to more rapidly adapt its vehicles to the needs of local markets

 

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The foundational principle behind microfactories is the use of technology cells. These technology cells have allowed Arrival to rethink the traditional OEM production line and use a more flexible assembly method where each technology cell is optimized to perform specific production processes. Key contributors to Arrival’s microfactory design and assembly process include the utilization of its in-house plug-and-play components, its modular skateboard design and its proprietary composite material technology. Each one of these key contributors has been integrated into Arrival’s in-house developed software architecture that ultimately drives the production process within the microfactories. Arrival’s in-house developed software system spans from the initial design stages through the production and operation of the EVs. Arrival believes its new method of design and assembly is new not only among its peers in the EV industry but also among those in the traditional OEM industry.

Lower capital investment and greater profitability

Numerous factors contribute to Arrival’s expectation that it will achieve lower capital investment requirements across its owned and controlled ecosystem while also positioning Arrival to achieve greater profitability relative to other OEMs. At comparable annual production volumes, the capital investment for Arrival’s microfactories is estimated to be less than a traditional OEM production facility over the long-term once its facilities are fully optimized. A primary driver of these cost savings is the use of Arrival’s proprietary composite materials that do not require capital intensive metal stamping plants, welding facilities or paint shops. Arrival’s expectation is that its lower operating expenditures associated with its microfactories, lower procurement costs associated with its in-house plug-and-play components, its grid-based architecture and proprietary composite materials as well as the utilization of its in-house developed software architecture will allow it to achieve double-digit margins on a per vehicle basis when it is fully at scale.

Scalability

A key attribute to the implementation of microfactories is Arrival’s ability to scale globally. Arrival estimates its microfactories can be fully operational within six months of a warehouse being ready for equipment installation. Arrival’s microfactories are designed to fit into an estimated footprint of 30,000 square meters (or approximately 320,000 square feet) or less, which is significantly smaller than a traditional automotive assembly plant. Arrival believes there is an abundance of warehouse space globally suitable for microfactories. The availability of warehouses and low levels of expected capital expenditure per microfactory also allows Arrival to deploy microfactories in numerous metropolitan communities. Arrival believes the deployment of its microfactories into local communities will be well-accepted by governments and municipalities based on its ability to offer local jobs and to pay local taxes. Arrival believes that every city with over one million inhabitants could benefit from at least one microfactory. Globally, Arrival estimates there are more than 500 cities with a population of more than one million. Arrival currently has three microfactories in active development, one in Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA, one in Bicester, UK and one in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, for start of production in the second quarter of 2022, the third quarter of 2022 and the fourth quarter of 2022, respectively. The flexibility of the microfactory approach allows Arrival to determine future roll out plans at a later date.

Compelling Total Cost of Ownership

Arrival believes its vans and buses have a compelling TCO driven by the low acquisition and operating costs of its vehicles.

Arrival’s low costs for both its vans and buses come as a result of the significant benefits it can achieve from its design using its microfactories, in-house plug-and-play components, proprietary composite materials, and its in-house software applications.

 

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Arrival’s lower operating costs reflect its vehicles’ battery infrastructure and energy efficiency as well as the lower maintenance costs associated with EVs. Arrival’s battery cell configuration is scalable and provides for multiple power configurations. Arrival’s vehicles can be purpose built to include flexible battery pack configurations. Lower ongoing operating costs can be achieved using its modular plug-and-play components that have been designed for easy replacement and upgrades. Arrival’s proprietary composite materials allow for quick, simple, and cost-effective panel replacement or service.

Owned and Controlled Ecosystem

Arrival believes the sophistication and depth of its owned and controlled ecosystem and its technical capabilities can help to position it as a leading EV company. Arrival’s ability to collect proprietary data across its design, parts, manufacturing, vehicle performance, and vehicle usage ecosystem affords it the ability to apply state-of-the-art data analytics. Arrival believes this in-house data collection and analysis process using its in-house developed software architecture will allow Arrival to identify new solutions, tools, and user benefits for the benefit of Arrival’s customers. Arrival is already utilizing such data within its research and development teams as it evolves its designs for future versions of EVs. Arrival’s owned and controlled ecosystem positions Arrival to further advance into the next generation of EV design and manufacturing.

Market Opportunity

Arrival believes the commercial vehicle segment is an attractive market for its business strategy. Arrival is initially targeting two primary categories within this segment: commercial vans and commercial buses. As the industry shifts towards zero emission vehicles, Arrival believes its advanced stage EV development, cost effective production, improved user experience, and global presence strategically position it to capture a more than sufficient market share to achieve its business plan assumptions.

Arrival defines its total addressable market based on its ability to compete on price and quality within the geographic regions where it plans to compete. Based on the attributes of Arrival’s electric vans and buses, it not only considers the addressable electric commercial vehicle market, but also the existing ICE commercial vehicle market. Based on industry sources, Arrival believes the initial addressable market for electric commercial vans is approximately $70 billion. When including the addressable market for ICE commercial vans, Arrival believes its total addressable market increases to approximately $280 billion. Arrival estimates the initial addressable market for electric commercial buses to be approximately $40 billion. When including the addressable market for ICE commercial buses, Arrival believes its total addressable market increases to approximately $154 billion. In total, Arrival believes its total addressable market for commercial vans and buses is approximately $430 billion. Arrival aims to rapidly develop new variants from existing products and further capture the market opportunity.

Arrival’s initial geographic target markets include North America, the United Kingdom and Europe. Arrival believes its existing employee and microfactory presence in these markets will best position it to accelerate its market penetration rates.

Arrival believes there are several drivers to the ongoing and underlying growth of its total addressable market. One such driver is the continued growth in e-commerce. According to a Statista Digital Market Outlook 2020 report, the e-commerce market is estimated to grow by approximately 37% from 2020 through 2024. Arrival believes this growth will increase the demand for EVs from its target customers.

Key Agreements, Partnerships and Suppliers

Arrival is working closely with potential customers and collaboration partners to develop and commercialize its vehicles. Arrival’s business model includes establishing strategic partnerships and supplier relationships. Arrival believes these partnerships will help reduce execution risk, accelerate its design and development efforts, and improve its commercialization timeline, resulting in a long-term competitive advantage.

 

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The following is a description of Arrival’s most significant partnerships:

City of Anaheim (“Anaheim”)

In partnership with the City of Anaheim, the Anaheim Transportation Network (“ATN”) has been awarded a $2,000,000 grant from the Federal Transit Administration (“FTA”). In July 2021 ATN chose to partner with Arrival as the vehicle producer for this grant and will use grant funds to replace Liquefied Natural Gas (“LNG”) buses with Arrival Buses. Under the agreement, Arrival will manufacture five Arrival Buses for ATN by 2023 and will provide training for bus operators and maintenance staff for the Arrival Buses.

Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Corporation (“HKMC”)

On November 4, 2019, Arrival entered into a Collaboration Framework Agreement with HKMC to jointly develop vehicles using Arrival’s technologies. Through this agreement, Arrival has access to HKMC’s engineering expertise and supply chain. This partnership aims to leverage the use of Arrival’s microfactories and software innovation. Arrival believes it can also benefit from HKMC’s global footprint and economies of scale with the aim to reduce the cost of components. This agreement prevents Arrival from developing EVs with other traditional OEMs until November 3, 2022.

In addition to its collaboration agreement with HKMC, Arrival received a €100 million equity investment from Hyundai and Kia in December 2019.

LeasePlan

In July 2021, Arrival and LeasePlan, one of the world’s leading “car-as-a-service” companies, entered into an agreement pursuant to which LeasePlan will be the preferred operational leasing partner for Arrival Vans. Additionally, Arrival and LeasePlan entered into a vehicle sales agreement in September 2021, pursuant to which Arrival agreed to provide LeasePlan with priority to initially purchase 3,000 vans and LeasePlan agreed on a best efforts basis to purchase such vans. This vehicle sales agreement contains customary termination provisions.

LG Energy Solution, Ltd. (“LG Chem”)

On February 20, 2020, Arrival entered into a long-term product manufacture and supply agreement with LG Chem. Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, LG Chem is one of the largest chemical companies in the world.

Under the terms of the agreement, LG Chem will supply battery cells for use in Arrival battery modules. Under the terms of this agreement, management believes that Arrival has secured high quality cells from a dependable supplier.

Uber B.V. (“Uber”)

The Company announced in May 2021 that it is partnering with Uber pursuant to a non-binding memorandum of understanding to develop the Arrival Car, an affordable, purpose-built EV for ride-hailing drivers. The Arrival Car will join Arrival’s previously announced commercial products, the Arrival Bus and Arrival Van, with the potential to provide cities with a multi-modal zero-emission transportation ecosystem that they require in order to meet their sustainability goals over the coming years.

 

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United Parcel Service (“UPS”)

UPS, a leading global logistic operator that makes over 5 billion deliveries per year and has a fleet of over 120,000 vehicles, has agreed to purchase 10,000 vans during the period of 2021 to 2025 with an option to purchase an additional 10,000 vans representing up to $1.2 billion (€1.0 billion) in revenue (including the option), subject to modification or cancellation at any time. The UPS order covers four different van configurations and the following geographic regions: North America, Europe and the UK. At the start of each calendar year, Arrival has agreed to issue UPS an invoice for a deposit of 25% of the projected vehicle volume designated for that calendar year. In connection with the UPS order, in October 2020, Arrival entered into an agreement with UPS whereby Arrival agreed that the Company would enter into an agreement with UPS to issue Warrants to UPS upon certain conditions being met. The terms of the UPS agreement are unique to UPS and orders with other customers will be negotiated independently.

UPS has been a long-term partner of Arrival’s including making an investment in Arrival in January 2020. Arrival has worked closely with UPS since 2016 to develop specifications for delivery vans that meet UPS’s unique fleet needs across three different configurations. Key attributes for the UPS vans include increased cargo efficiency, improved driver ergonomics and a direct link to UPS’ existing back-end system through Arrival’s vehicle software. UPS has agreed to evaluate prototype vans and provide ongoing feedback to Arrival before the van enters production. Prototypes are scheduled to be delivered as early as the first quarter of 2022.

Other Partners

As Arrival moves toward production of its vans and buses, it has partnered with several key suppliers in order to reduce validation and production risk. These include several Tier 1 suppliers for safety-related systems including, but not limited to, steering, braking, airbag and seat belt systems. In addition, Arrival has worked closely with Comau (a subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automotive), an experienced automotive factory automation system provider, in the development of the initial process layout of its microfactories. Arrival is also evaluating partnerships to provide vehicle financing alternatives for its customers.

Arrival Van

 

 

 

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The upper left image shows an aerial view of the H3L4 Arrival Van. The upper right image shows the interior of the driver’s cabin, including the human machine interface (“HMI”) screen and e-mirror display. The lower left image shows the rear of the van including the roller shutter rear door. The lower right image shows a side view of the van highlighting the sliding passenger door.

The Arrival Van will be available in multiple roof heights, lengths and door configurations. The H3L4 variant will be the first into production and will be followed by the other variants.

The Arrival Van has been designed from the ground up to serve the delivery sector and Arrival believes the van has superior attributes to its competitors’ EVs and ICE vehicles. Many EVs in this sector are produced by taking existing ICE vehicle architectures and converting them into EVs. Due to the differences in energy density and volume requirements between battery packs and liquid fuel tanks, this approach is typically not as efficient as a vehicle designed from the outset to be an EV, as Arrival vehicles have been. Additionally, Arrival is focused on delivering an improved driver experience with the Arrival Van having a very competitive 12.9m turning circle (curb to curb), and a 30% lower floor height (step in height) than competitive vehicles. Finally, the driver interaction with the vehicle controls can be optimized through the in-house developed Arrival HMI software.

All Arrival Vans are connected vehicles allowing the operator to better optimize and manage their fleet through analysis of operational data collected from the vans. Arrival Vans also feature a large windscreen for improved visibility. The driver door of the Arrival Van slides into the body to protect pedestrians from swinging doors and reduce the potential damage from curbside objects. Arrival Vans also have a flexible battery pack configuration which can be sized according to the range requirement of the customer. Rather than paying for a battery pack with full range regardless of whether the vehicles in a customer’s fleet require that capacity, each Arrival Van’s battery pack can be sized for the customer’s needs, thus saving on the upfront purchase cost.

Arrival Bus

 

 

 

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The upper left image shows the exterior of the Arrival Bus including the exterior display screens that run the entire length of the bus. The upper right image shows the interior of the bus with a view towards the rear, highlighting the large side windows, skylights and rear window. The lower left image shows the interior of the bus looking towards the front of the bus and highlighting one of the interior display screens as well as the driver’s HMI screen. The lower right image highlights the cantilever seating and the interior display screens that run the length of the bus interior.

The Arrival Bus targets private and public transit operators with a product at competitive pricing, and a compelling TCO. For bus operators, regulatory requirements are driving the shift to electric buses and upfront price and TCO are significant purchasing considerations. As an example, the California Innovative Clean Transit rule requires that 25% of transit buses purchased by large transit agencies in 2023 must be electric. This requirement increases to 50% in 2026 and by 2029, agencies will no longer be allowed to buy a bus that isn’t electric. Other green requirements are being instituted around the world.

The Arrival Bus utilizes many of the same components as the Arrival Van generating cost saving efficiencies across the two products. Similar to the Arrival Van, the Arrival Bus battery capacity can be customized to suit the operator’s needs resulting in further cost savings for operators. The modular nature of the Arrival Bus enables configurations for 35 feet, 40 feet, and 45 feet each with potential double decker applications.

The Arrival Bus has also been designed with the passenger in mind. Large windows and glass roof panels generate the feeling of spaciousness, safety, and security. The vehicle features large internal and external screens to facilitate passenger information and provide potential for operators to generate incremental revenue through a digital advertising platform. Cashless payments and adjustable seats that can be easily reconfigured to change layouts help operators to maintain distancing and cleanliness in a COVID environment. The Arrival Bus’s flexible seating configuration also provides operators with incremental seating capacity compared to other diesel or electric bus alternatives. The Arrival Bus features ramps and a fully flat floor for better accessibility. Additionally, similar to the Arrival Van, the Arrival Bus is a connected vehicle providing users with location-based information and operators with tools to optimize the fleet and better manage vehicle health and performance.

Arrival believes these key features of the Arrival Bus, when combined with the lower manufacturing costs associated with Arrival’s microfactories, competitively position the Arrival Bus when compared to competitor buses.

Development Timelines

Arrival has four vehicle programs currently under development: the Arrival Bus, Arrival Van, large van and Arrival Car. Arrival expects to commence production of its Arrival Bus in the second quarter of 2022. The Arrival Van is scheduled to start production in the third quarter of 2022. Arrival has made significant progress in the design of its EVs and components parts, as well as in the development of its manufacturing and assembly processes and vehicle and manufacturing technology platform:

 

•

Prototype Arrival Vans have been built and are being tested.

 

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Buses for public road trials are currently being built.

 

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Arrival has installed and is running production equipment to manufacture the battery modules used on both the Arrival Bus and Arrival Van..

 

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Arrival has installed and is running production equipment to manufacture composite panels at its Bicester, UK microfactory.

 

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•

Equipment delivery to Arrival’s Rock Hill, South Carolina microfactory is underway. Installation of equipment is expected to be substantially complete in the fourth quarter of 2021.

Arrival’s team of over 2,400 employees, including engineers, scientists, technicians and staff, is committed to achieving the necessary milestones to meet its current production and commercialization timelines in order to enable the company to achieve its expected production dates. For example, Arrival expects to complete bus product validation and van product validation in the first half of 2022. Validation is a process by which compliance with all regulatory and performance requirements is demonstrated through testing of physical prototypes and occurs as the final step before a vehicle is certified for sale. These milestones are critical to Arrival’s development timelines, though may be subject to unanticipated delays outside of the company’s control such as the ability to obtain sufficient capital to support production.

Arrival’s Ecosystem

Arrival has developed an EV ecosystem, which Arrival believes differentiates its business model from others in the EV industry, and in certain cases, the traditional OEM industry. An integral component to Arrival’s ecosystem is its employees. Arrival currently employs more than 2,400 employees globally. Arrival is a technology-first company and over 81% of its employees are engineers (including software engineers), most of whom have been focused on the research and development of enabling leading-edge technologies to produce Arrival’s EVs, which can be assembled in its low capital expenditure microfactories. Arrival’s ecosystem is technology focused and has been designed as one system with each functional area integrated and working together to reduce the cost of Arrival’s products. The following are the key strategies to Arrival’s ecosystem:

 

•

Vehicle assembly in Arrival’s highly flexible, local microfactories that can be set up quickly with lower capital expenditures;

 

•

Development of Arrival’s high and low voltage “plug & play” components that can be produced at lower cost, are upgradeable and are optimized for microfactory assembly into Arrival’s vehicles;

 

•

Use a modular skateboard platform designed for microfactory assembly that is highly flexible for use across multiple vehicle variants and can be designed for multiple vehicle segments;

 

•

Use of proprietary composite material instead of steel which results in lower cost, lower weight and lower tooling costs. Our proprietary composite material eliminates the need for large, costly and complicated stamping plants and paint shops; and

 

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Use of our in-house developed software to provide cost and service optimization for vehicle and fleet solutions.

Microfactories

Arrival has developed an industry-changing approach to manufacturing with its proprietary microfactory concept. Microfactories change the way vehicles are produced in numerous ways. Instead of using the traditional linear assembly line that operates at one speed with stations in a specific order, Arrival has designed its microfactories using technology cells. The order in which a vehicle moves through the technology cells is determined by microfactory software and the order the technology cells are used can be changed dynamically from one vehicle to the next.

Each technology cell performs one or more specific tasks in assembling Arrival EV’s. These tasks may include, for example, adhesive application, positioning of panels or assembly of mechanical fasteners. Linking the technology cells are autonomous mobile robots (“AMRs”), which are controlled by software designed and developed in-house by Arrival. Parts delivery and vehicle movement between the technology cells is accomplished with these AMRs.

 

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Arrival has worked in partnership with Comau for the design and simulation of the microfactories. Our EVs have been designed for our microfactory production and utilize Arrival’s in-house plug-and-play components, its grid-based architecture and proprietary composite materials. Arrival focuses on designing or owning components that have either a high level of software integration with our vehicles or can be produced more cheaply than sourcing from a traditional automotive supplier.

 

The photo shows a microfactory technology cell with four robot arms installed in the R&D lab.

Each microfactory is designed to provide several competitive advantages for Arrival including low capital investment and operating costs as well as efficient scalability. Each microfactory is expected to be an estimated 30,000 square meters (or approximately 320,000 square feet) or less and able to manufacture 10,000 vans per year or 1,000 buses per year assuming two shifts per day. Each microfactory is expected to be staffed with approximately 250 to 300 employees. Arrival anticipates each microfactory will take approximately six months to complete after the building is ready for equipment installation. The reduced time to completion of our microfactories compared to a traditional OEM manufacturing facility is due in significant part to the absence of metal stamping and there being no requirement for a paint shop.

The capital investment required for each microfactory, including expenditures on production equipment, battery assembly, site readiness and logistics equipment, is estimated to be approximately $45-$55 million over the medium-term to long-term. When comparing to a traditional OEM, Arrival’s microfactories do not require capital investments in paint shops, metal stamping or welding, which we believe gives Arrival a capital expenditure advantage over a traditional OEM facility.

 

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Arrival can deploy additional vehicle manufacturing capacity by commissioning additional microfactories. Arrival can locate its microfactories close to its customers. The flexibility of Arrival’s microfactories is intended to also enable the design and development of purpose-built EVs for our customers. The presence of Arrival’s microfactories in numerous communities worldwide could also support local job creation and create taxable income for local governments and municipalities.

In-House Plug-and-Play Components

Arrival has developed cutting edge hardware that positions our company to achieve substantial cost reductions for parts, share components across multiple vehicle platforms, offer upgradeable components throughout a vehicle’s lifecycle, and utilize these components that have been designed specifically for assembly using microfactories. The criteria Arrival used to determine which components to design internally included cost reduction opportunities, improved customer experience characteristics, and the ability to incorporate plug-and-play modules whereby the components can be connected via software.

Certain components that Arrival has designed in-house include DC-DC modules, input output modules, HMI modules, battery modules, and the drive control unit. Arrival currently outsources certain other components including braking systems, airbags, safety belts, and steering systems as these are important safety systems with lengthy development and validation timelines.

Cost savings for components can be achieved by leveraging Arrival’s intellectual property portfolio. Because Arrival owns the intellectual property for the design of many of the components developed in-house, it can select efficient Tier-2 or Tier-3 automotive suppliers to manufacture those components. Since Arrival developed the intellectual property in-house, it also saves on Tier-1 supplier development costs.

Arrival components incorporate over the air (“OTA”) connectivity, allowing for updates to improve efficiency and functionality, while also providing data to fleet operators about their component status and health. In addition, the plug-and-play nature of Arrival’s components has been designed to maximize the interchangeability across its various vehicle platforms. This interchangeability affords Arrival the opportunity to be more cost-efficient with its design, procurement, and manufacturing processes. The in-house design of Arrival’s plug-and-play components over time is expected to reduce the overall time to market for the development of vehicles, such that it targets that new vehicle platforms can be designed and developed in approximately 18 months over the long-term, compared to three years or more for ICE vehicle manufacturers.

Arrival has completed more than two years of on-road testing and development for the majority of its in-house plug-and-play components. These components are also designed to meet industry-standard automotive-grade requirements. Arrival has secured approximately more than 60% of its production suppliers nominated across a mix of Tier 1, 2 and 3 suppliers. The remaining nominations are all underway. We have prioritized long lead items so what is remaining will have faster turnarounds from request for proposal to nomination. Arrival anticipates its supplier network will be fully established in time to meet its initial vehicle production timelines.

Modular Skateboard

Arrival has designed modular skateboard platforms that enable flexible vehicle configurations and automated microfactory assembly. Arrival’s skateboard structure is the foundation over which it can engineer specific purpose-built vehicles that meet the local requirements and specifications of its global client base.

A key component of the Arrival skateboard is its aluminum structure that optimizes strength and stiffness. It was designed to be modular and flexible to accommodate different vehicle types and sizes. The same skateboard platform can be used for front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive vehicles. Extrusions and

 

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castings allow Arrival to reduce tooling costs and capital investment requirements when compared to traditional stamped sheet metal construction. With Arrival’s composite panels and adhesive joining processes, the modular skateboard platform eliminates welding and standardizes interfaces between skateboard components. Arrival’s skateboard platforms are designed for different weight classes, enabling vehicles for different segments, while still sharing many of the same Arrival in-house developed components. The design of Arrival’s skateboard also provides flexibility for different battery pack configurations. By changing the number of Arrival battery modules, the vehicle battery pack can be customized to suit customer needs and lower the vehicle’s acquisition cost.

Arrival’s skateboard enables a fully flat floor from the front of the driver compartment to the rear of the vehicle. The low floor design leads to increased cargo efficiency and a low step-in height. Arrival’s skateboard is extremely flexible and can be used across multiple vehicle types leading to increased scalability across its vehicle product suite.

Consistent with Arrival’s modular plug-and-play components, the Arrival skateboard was designed for production in its microfactories utilizing its robotic cell technology. Arrival’s skateboard has passed simulation crash tests and Arrival has commenced physical tests. Arrival believes the development of its modular skateboard will meet its initial vehicle production timelines.

Proprietary Composite Materials

Arrival has developed proprietary composite materials that are lightweight and result in lower tooling costs for its production process. These proprietary composite materials are used for both exterior and interior body panels. The characteristics of Arrival’s proprietary composite materials positions it to provide bespoke panel designs to its fleet customers. Arrival’s proprietary composite materials do not require traditional metal stamping or painting during the production process. These processes are cumbersome and expensive and, without them, Arrival believes its microfactories can achieve significant cost savings both in capital investment and operating expenses.

The proprietary composite materials are lightweight and versatile and have lower tooling costs compared to traditional sheet metal dies. The composite material tooling also has significantly shorter lead times than traditional sheet metal dies. The underlying raw materials are widely available and are automotive grade.

The ultra-tough durability of Arrival’s proprietary composite materials reduces the cost of repairs compared to traditional sheet metal panels that require frequent cosmetic repair or replacement. This durability contributes to the TCO savings achievable with Arrival vehicles. Arrival’s proprietary composite materials can maintain their performance criteria even at extreme temperatures. Arrival believes the development of its proprietary composite materials will meet its initial vehicle production timelines.

In-House Developed Software Architecture

A core enabler to Arrival’s competitive positioning is its in-house developed software architecture. Arrival’s software team consists of more than 1,000 software engineers and members of Arrival’s digital team as at September 30, 2021. Its software engineer to mechanical engineer ratio is almost 2:1, which it believes compares favorably to an estimated traditional OEM ratio of approximately 1:100. Arrival believes its centralized software architecture has entered into the 5th generation of development, which it believes positions it as one of the leading software-centric EV manufacturers. Arrival’s hardware and software architecture are decoupled and provide it the ability to harmonize its system infrastructure across its plug-and-play components. Arrival’s software architecture has been designed utilizing cloud-based connectivity. Each of Arrival’s EVs is supported by OTA upgradable plug-and-play components. Additionally, Arrival’s software architecture has been designed to support open API’s, which provide its fleet customers the ability to integrate and connect Arrival’s EVs into its own software platforms. Arrival’s in-house software architecture also includes autonomous-ready capabilities.

 

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Internal Tools. As part of Arrival’s in-house developed software architecture, it has developed software applications to improve its design and development capabilities both for its EVs and for operations inside of its microfactories. This software allows Arrival to design and manufacture purpose-built EVs that provide solutions to meet its customers’ local needs and specific requirements. Arrival’s in-house developed software architecture also enables the functionality of the robots and the AMRs operating in its microfactories. Arrival believes having control over its design and manufacturing software positions it to continuously improve the performance of its EVs and the efficiency of its microfactory production processes.

In-Vehicle Software. Arrival has designed in-vehicle software that both elevates drivers’ and passengers’ experiences while also providing pertinent vehicle performance data. Certain of Arrival’s driver software applications are expected to include in-console route planning and directions. For Arrival Buses, riders would be able to receive route status information along with local community event information. For Arrival Bus operators, additional revenue opportunities could be available through software enabled exterior advertising displays. Arrival’s in-vehicle software was designed to provide access to vehicle data through an API interface. Arrival’s in-vehicle software has also been designed to optimize hardware usage, such as leveraging sensors across multiple functions.

Customer-Facing Software. Arrival’s customer-facing software was designed utilizing cloud-based tools to maximize its customers’ ownership experience. Arrival’s diagnostic software tools are expected to provide customers the ability to remotely monitor their EVs performance, detect early vehicle symptoms, and schedule predictive maintenance. Arrival’s fleet management software architecture is expected to provide customers with a highly algorithmic fleet management portal. Applications include fleet simulations and direct route assignments to drivers. Other informative fleet analytics can be incorporated based on a specific customer’s preferences.

Intellectual Property

Arrival’s commercial success depends in part upon its ability to obtain, maintain, and protect its intellectual property (“IP”), core technologies and other proprietary technology that it develops, to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of others, and to prevent others from infringing, misappropriating or violating its intellectual property and proprietary rights. Arrival protects its intellectual property rights in the U.S., the UK, Europe, and abroad, through a combination of patents, trademarks, designs and trade secret protection, know-how, continuing technological innovation, confidential information and other measures to develop and maintain its proprietary position, as well as having confidentiality and invention assignments and other contractual agreements with its employees, consultants, contractors and third parties. As a result of Arrival’s strong IP portfolios, up to approximately half of the Arrival Van and two fifths of the Arrival Bus components by value are either owned or controlled by Arrival.

As of September 1, 2021, Arrival has more than 240 patent assets that have been filed in various jurisdictions including the United States Patent and Trademark Office, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office and the European Patent Office. The filed innovations can be broadly organized into the following categories:

 

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Battery related innovations

 

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Composite material innovations

 

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Microfactory and vehicle design flow innovations

 

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Modular hardware and modular software innovations

 

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Robotics related innovations

 

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Van innovations

 

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Bus innovations

 

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Car innovations

 

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Miscellaneous inventions related to vehicle parts/and systems

As of October 14, 2021, Arrival owned 20 issued U.S. patents and pending U.S. patent applications and over 220 issued foreign patents and pending foreign patent applications. As of October 22, 2021, Arrival owned three registered U.S. trademarks and pending U.S. trademark applications, as well as 19 registered foreign trademarks and pending foreign trademark applications in at least 14 countries worldwide in addition to the EU.

Arrival expects to develop additional intellectual property and proprietary technology in the above categories over time. As Arrival develops its intellectual property or technology, we will continue to build our intellectual property portfolio and further assess whether additional trademark or patent applications or other intellectual property registrations are appropriate, when we believe it is possible, cost-effective, beneficial and consistent with our overall intellectual property protection strategy. Arrival also seeks to protect its intellectual property and proprietary technology, including trade secrets and know-how, through limited access, confidentiality and other contractual agreements with its suppliers, customers and collaborators.

Regarding the coverage Arrival seeks under its existing patent applications, there is always a risk that alterations from our products or processes may provide sufficient basis for a competitor to avoid infringement claims. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before a patent is issued and courts can reinterpret patent scope after issuance. Many jurisdictions, including the United States, permit third parties to challenge issued patents in administrative proceedings, which may result in further narrowing or even cancellation of patent claims. Arrival cannot be certain that we will be able to adequately develop and protect its intellectual property rights, or that other companies will not claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. Arrival cannot provide any assurance that any patents will be issued from its pending or any future applications or that any current or future issued patents will adequately protect its intellectual property. For this and other risks related to Arrival’s proprietary technology, inventions and improvements, see “Risk Factors.”

Research and Development

Arrival has invested and continues to invest significant resources into ongoing research and development programs as it believes its ability to grow its market position depends, in part, on breakthrough technologies that offer a value proposition for Arrival’s customers and differentiation from its competitors.

The majority of Arrival’s research and development activities take place within its headquarters facility in the UK and at its development partners’ facilities located around the world.

The primary areas of focus for research and development include, but are not limited to:

 

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Rapid Engineering Design Tools

 

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Mobility as a service offerings

 

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New vehicle concepts, platforms and segments

 

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Components development

 

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Materials research

 

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Charging infrastructure

 

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Fintech and insurance

 

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New servicing and maintenance technologies and solutions

 

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Robotics

 

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Digital sales platform

Arrival believes that its technology will provide the following current and future opportunities:

 

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Arrival’s modular skateboard platform allows for multiple vehicle platforms and variants. Arrival believes this configurable design enables customization for local markets and accelerated entry into new vehicle segments.

 

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Arrival is building multiple customer-facing software packages such as vehicle health monitoring, fleet optimization tools, and driver applications that work with its vehicles.

 

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Arrival’s vehicles have been designed with the sensing, computing and chassis system capabilities required for the implementation of autonomous driving that can be used as vehicle platforms by third-party companies developing autonomous software.

 

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Finally, various regulatory agencies are adopting credit mechanisms to encourage the adoption of electric commercial vehicles. As Arrival only manufactures EVs, it expects to generate a surplus of these credits. These credits can then be sold to OEMs that are at risk of not meeting their regulatory credit requirements.

Sales and Marketing

Arrival plans to initially market its EVs directly to large van and bus fleet owners through its sales teams in the U.S., the UK and Europe. Over time, Arrival expects to expand these sales teams to cover more regions. In addition, Arrival is developing an online sales tool targeting small to medium enterprises. Arrival also intends to support this customer outreach through marketing campaigns on Arrival’s website, social media platforms, interviews, podcasts, press releases and potentially physical experience centers to build awareness. Arrival’s marketing strategy is focused primarily on using online methods and positive experiences that generate word of mouth.

Arrival’s initial target customers for the Arrival Van are large commercial vehicle fleet owners, such as delivery and logistics providers, e-commerce companies and other operators of large in-house fleets. Over time, Arrival expects to also target the small to medium size enterprises and individual owners who make up the majority of the market. Arrival expects that its microfactory approach will allow it to expand rapidly across multiple countries and cities around the world.

Arrival has signed non-binding orders, letters of intent and/or memorandums of understanding with various customers that outline the potential development and commercialization of its vans and buses. Arrival expects that these orders, letters of intent and/or memorandums of understanding will evolve into potential production supply agreements with purchase commitments as the start of production date approaches. However, none of the existing orders, letters of intent and/or memorandums of understanding provide for a firm commitment on the part of the customer and are generally conditional on vehicle trials and subject to cancellation or modification at any time. Arrival is currently building pre-production buses for use in customer trials throughout next year. There can be no assurance that Arrival will receive production purchase orders from these customers. Until and when Arrival receives such production orders, such customers are not obligated to purchase the vehicles.

The Arrival Car is being developed to address the global need to shift ride-hailing and car sharing services, with over 30 million estimated drivers across the ride-hailing sector, to electric to reduce emissions and improve air quality in cities.

 

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Facilities

London, UK - Global R&D Office Headquarters

In July 2018, Arrival moved into its research and development office headquarters in London. Over 750 employees work out of this location (when not working from home).

Charlotte, NC - U.S. Headquarters

In December 2020, Arrival signed a lease for its U.S. headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina which comprises over 40,000 square feet of office space. Arrival expects to hire approximately 150 people primarily with engineering, sales, marketing and finance backgrounds.

Banbury, UK - R&D Site

Since 2017, Arrival has been operating out of its research and development facility in Banbury, UK which consists of more than 110,000 square feet and where Arrival is capable of designing, building, and testing prototype vehicles in-house. Over 220 employees work out of this location (when not working from home).

South Carolina—Bus Factory

In October 2020, Arrival leased a property located in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Arrival intends for this microfactory location to initially focus on building electric buses. Arrival is expected to begin operations at Rock Hill in the first quarter of 2022, with the start of production in the second quarter of 2022. The location of the site is well suited for a manufacturing facility due to the trained labor force available in the area, its proximity to several large urban centers and the available logistics links.

Bicester, UK—Van Factory

In December 2019, Arrival leased property located in Bicester, UK. Arrival intends for this microfactory location to initially focus on building Arrival Vans. Arrival is already installing production equipment in the Bicester microfactory to validate the microfactory processes, with the start of production of Arrival Vans expected in the third quarter of 2022. The location of the site is well suited for a manufacturing facility due to the availability of a trained labor force in the area and its proximity to London, which is expected to be a major UK market for Arrival Vans.

North Carolina—Van Factory

In March 2021, Arrival leased two buildings located in West Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Arrival intends for one of the buildings to be used as a microfactory initially focused on building Arrival Vans. The other building will be used as a logistics hub to support the adjacent microfactory. Arrival is expected to begin operations at West Charlotte in the third quarter of 2022, with start of production in the fourth quarter of 2022. The location of the site is well suited for a manufacturing facility due to the trained labor force available in the area, its proximity to several large urban centers and the available logistics links.

Parts and Servicing

Arrival anticipates that servicing and maintenance of its EVs will be lower than the traditional ICE vehicles due to there being fewer moving parts and considerably reduced mechanical complexity of the components. The increased reliability of Arrival’s EVs will mean that less preventive maintenance is required when compared to ICE vehicles, leading to better uptime and lower maintenance costs.

 

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Arrival is building a network of service providers and a preventive maintenance program to address its customers needs. Arrivals’ vehicles have a system of sensors and controls that allow for precise monitoring of the vehicle and component operation performance. Arrival intends to use this data to provide smart predictive maintenance with the aim of decreasing downtime and costs by identifying a potential problem before it results in a breakdown. Arrival’s system has been designed to provide over the air updates and software fixes when the vehicle is parked. This could potentially reduce the time for repair and improve uptime.

In cases where a customer has its own maintenance infrastructure, Arrival intends to identify and provide procedures for items that can be maintained at the customer’s shops. This could include procedures such as tire changes, wiper and windshield repair, and brake servicing. In cases where the customer does not have a maintenance infrastructure or for more complex items, Arrival could either service the vehicles itself or use third party partners.

If a vehicle requires maintenance of a complex system such as the battery, some of those items can be swapped or replaced. This would allow us to repair the faulty component quickly while minimizing vehicle downtime. Arrival also plans to develop a network of trained technicians who can travel to a customer or service partner site as necessary.

Employees

As of September 30, 2021, Arrival had 2,438 full-time employees based primarily in the United Kingdom (1,436), Europe and Rest of World (891) and the United States (111). Over 89% of Arrival’s employees are engaged in research and development and related functions. Arrival anticipates significant employee growth as it approaches commercialization. Arrival’s targeted employees to hire typically have significant experience working for well-respected OEMs, automotive engineering firms and software and robotics companies. To date, Arrival has not experienced any work stoppages and considers its relationship with its employees to be in good standing. None of Arrival’s employees are either represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement.

Regulatory Landscape

Arrival is, and will be, subject to extensive vehicle safety and testing and environmental regulations in the EU, the United Kingdom, the United States and other jurisdictions in which it manufactures or sells its vehicles. Government regulations regarding the manufacture, sale and implementation of products and systems similar to Arrival’s EVs are subject to future change. Arrival cannot predict what effect, if any, such changes will have upon its business. Violations of these regulations may result in substantial civil and criminal fines, penalties and/or orders to cease the operations in violation or to conduct or pay for corrective work. In some instances, violations may also result in the suspension or revocation of permits and licenses. Below is a brief description of the more material regulatory requirements in the EU, United Kingdom and the United States which are initially the jurisdictions where Arrival will conduct most of their operations. Arrival does not expect that regulatory requirements in other jurisdictions in which they expand their business will be materially different than those described below.

Vehicle Safety and Testing Regulation

Arrival’s bus and van products have been designed to meet the requirements applicable to passenger buses and delivery vans in the United States, EU and United Kingdom.

 

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United States

Arrival’s vehicles are subject to, and will comply with, numerous regulatory requirements established by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), including applicable U.S. federal motor vehicle safety standards, and bumper and theft prevention standards.

In addition to U.S. federal motor vehicle safety standards, Arrival must comply with other NHTSA requirements and other federal laws and regulations administered by NHTSA, including early warning reporting requirements regarding warranty claims, field reports, death and injury reports, recalls and owner’s manual requirements. Arrival also must comply with the Automobile Information and Disclosure Act, which requires OEMs to disclose certain information regarding the OEM’s suggested retail price, optional equipment and pricing. Further, this law allows inclusion of fuel economy ratings, as determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), and crash test ratings, as determined by NHTSA, if such tests are conducted.

Arrival is also subject to regulations issued by the United States Department of Transportation, in particular the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (“FMCSA”) and Federal Transit Administration (“FTA”) relating to vehicle safety and operation, the United States Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) relating to its approval of radio frequency devices, and orders issued by the California Air Resources Board including relating to low-emission vehicles and greenhouse gases, the Advanced Clean Truck Rule and Zero Emission Powertrains.

Arrival’s vehicles may also be tested and rated according to the NHTSA New Car Assessment Program (“US NCAP”) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety’s (“IIHS”) vehicle rating program.

European Union

Arrival’s vehicles are subject to, and will comply with the European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval (“ECWVTA”) Framework EU 2018/858, including 72 different regulations in scope for cars, commercial vans and transit buses relating to areas including passive and active safety, steering equipment, vehicle construction, electromagnetic compatibility and vehicle range.

In addition to regulatory compliance in Europe, Arrival is also targeting a five-star European New Car Assessment Programme performance for its car and a platinum rating under the European New Car Assessment Programme for its vans.

The Arrival Bus, Car and Van consist of many electronic and automated components and systems. Arrival’s vehicles are designed to comply with the ISO Functional Safety Standard. This standard addresses the integration of electrical systems and software and identifies the possible hazards caused by malfunctioning behavior of the safety-related electrical or electronic systems, including the interaction of these systems. Arrival’s approach in following ISO 26262 exceeds the minimum regulatory requirement for a safety system to address complex electronic systems which is mandated in some regulations (e.g., braking and steering).

Arrival vehicles will be approved by an approval authority pursuant to ECWVTA following witness testing and a factory audit to confirm procedures for Conformity of Production. As part of this activity Arrival is implementing ISO 9001, an internationally recognized quality standard, in its production facilities and relevant supporting organizations within the group. Vehicles leaving the Arrival factories will be supplied with a certificate of conformity which is used to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of ECWVTA during the vehicle registration process.

 

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United Kingdom

The UK has adopted the EU requirements post Brexit transition, so in addition to European type approval, Arrival will also provide the same documentation to the UK authorities and receive a UK national type approval. There is no additional testing required and the technical requirements are the same as for EU markets.

Other Markets

Market analysis has shown a strong correlation between European and US regulatory requirements and other key target markets, requiring minimal design changes to gain regulatory approval in these markets including:

 

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Gulf States—based on U.S. requirements

 

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China—based on EU requirements

 

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South Korea—based on EU, U.S. requirements

 

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India—based on EU requirements

 

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Brazil—based on U.S. requirements

Arrival’s vehicles have been designed to meet the regulatory requirements of the most rigorous subdivisions/states within each country. Arrival has considered the most rigorous requirements from each market in which the vehicles will be deployed, including industry standards and other due care requirements determined by Arrival above and beyond the regulations.

Vehicle Accessibility Requirements

The Arrival Bus is designed to meet applicable regulations relating to vehicle accessibility including a wheelchair ramp at the front door, wheelchair securement areas, priority seating, interior design to permit movement of wheelchairs and other riders throughout the vehicles. Arrival is conducting analysis to ensure that non-transit and digital products are all accessible to a range of users.

Battery Safety and Testing Regulation

Arrival’s vehicles and batteries have been designed to comply with the latest regulatory requirements relating to the transportation design, testing, manufacture and use of lithium ion batteries, electric power trains, and Rechargeable Electrical Energy Storage System (REESS), of road vehicles.

Arrival’s vehicles are designed to ISO standards for electrically-propelled vehicles in vehicle operational safety specifications and connecting to an external power supply. Additionally, Arrival is incorporating other ISO battery system standards in its vehicles.

Environmental Regulations

Arrival’s microfactories are set up for environmental best practice, and Arrival is working towards recognized standards such as ISO 14001 for environmental management. The relatively small footprint of a microfactory means it can fit into existing industrial land, reducing the need to clear large areas for development. This also means planning rights and permissions are often already in place for the activities carried out in the factory, reducing time from inception to deployment. Arrival’s activities are subject to environmental regulations, based on the location and scope of operations; an overview of these is provided below:

Environmental Permitting

Many national and local authorities require industrial sites to obtain permits for carrying out operations which have the potential to cause environmental impacts. For example, in the UK, the Environmental Permitting

 

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(England and Wales) Regulations 2016 include aspects such as carbon emissions from fuel-burning appliances, use and storage of hazardous substances, and discharge of wastewater/effluent amongst other factors. Arrival’s microfactories are exempt or below thresholds for many of these permits due to their relatively small size, and the fact that Arrival does not require hazardous aspects such as paint spraying lines. Arrival reviews and manages any potential requirements for environmental permits through its environmental management system, comparing the operations at each site with the most up to date regulations to ensure any permits required are obtained, complied with, and kept up to date.

End of Life Vehicles

The EU end of life vehicle (ELV) regulations are in place to ensure vehicle manufacturers design, produce, and manage their vehicles to reduce waste and maximize material recovery at the point a vehicle is dismantled. Arrival complies with the ELV regulations through various initiatives such as providing guidance for dismantling, labelling of recyclable materials, compliance with material restrictions as detailed below, and will provide a take-back service for vehicles with a negative or zero value where required.

Hazardous Waste and Battery Recycling

The disposal of hazardous wastes and batteries is subject to regulations in many regions, such as the Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 in the UK, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in the U.S., and Arrival takes responsibility for any hazardous wastes which may be generated at its sites. For any damaged or scrap lithium-ion batteries, Arrival works with local recycling partners to ensure batteries are packaged, stored, and transported in compliance with UN 38.3 Transportation of Dangerous Goods, UN 3480 Lithium Ion Batteries.

Carbon and Energy Reporting

Arrival participates in carbon and energy reporting schemes, such as the Streamlined Energy & Carbon Reporting (SECR) regulations in the UK. Arrival will report its energy usage and resulting carbon emissions annually, and report on current and future energy efficiency measures to further reduce its impact on the environment.

Restricted and Banned Substances

Arrival produces vehicles for a global market, where varying regulations exist depending on vehicle type and location. Arrival works closely with its suppliers and holds them to international standards such as those collated by the Global Automotive Declarable Substances List (GADSL) for hazardous and restricted substances, tracking the compliance of all vehicle components.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, Arrival may become involved in additional legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of its business.

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provides information which Arrival’s management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Arrival’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read together with the section of this prospectus entitled “Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Information of Arrival” and the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes of Arrival that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis should also be read together with the section of this prospectus entitled “Business”. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. See the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

Arrival was founded with a mission to transform the design, assembly and distribution of commercial EVs and accelerate the mass adoption of EVs globally. Founded in 2015, and now with over 2,400 employees, Arrival develops technologies and products that create a new approach to the design and assembly of EVs. Arrival believes its in-house developed components, materials, software and robotic technologies, when combined with its low cost and scalable microfactories, will enable it to produce EVs that are tailored to the needs of local markets and with an attractive TCO to its customers.

The initial focus for Arrival is the production of commercial EV vans, buses and cars. Arrival believes this segment of the automotive market is currently underserved by other EV manufacturers and is a global market with significant scale opportunities. Arrival also believes the commercial vehicle segment will move quickly to EVs, and that this migration will be supported worldwide by local, state, and national government policies that either encourage EV usage via subsidies or enact usage taxes on fleet operators who continue to operate ICE vehicles. Arrival also believes that commercial fleet operators will be attracted to Arrival’s vehicles in particular, because of their attractive TCO. Commercial fleet operators have well understood range requirements, and the vehicles typically return to a central depot every evening where the vehicles can be charged overnight. For all these reasons, Arrival expects the commercial vehicle fleets to migrate to EVs even more quickly than automotive retail segments.

The Arrival Van is designed for commercial use by large fleet owners particularly in the transportation, e-commerce and logistics industries with an estimated initial addressable market of two million units by 2025 representing $70 billion. When including the addressable market for ICE commercial vans, Arrival believes its total addressable market increases to approximately $280 billion. The expected start of production for the Arrival Van is the third quarter of 2022. In 2020, Arrival finalized an investment and signed a vehicle sales agreement with UPS, which included an initial order of 10,000 electric vans with an option to purchase an additional 10,000 electric vans, subject to modification or cancellation at any time. This agreement has a total aggregate order value of up to $1.2 billion (€1.0 billion) in revenue (including the option) and may be cancelled or modified by UPS at any time. In July 2021, Arrival and LeasePlan, one of the world’s leading “car-as-a-service” companies, entered into an agreement pursuant to which LeasePlan will be the preferred operational leasing partner for Arrival Vans. Additionally, Arrival and LeasePlan entered into a vehicle sales agreement in September 2021, pursuant to which Arrival agreed to provide LeasePlan with priority to purchase an initial amount of 3,000 vans and LeasePlan agreed on a best efforts basis to purchase such vans. In July 2021, Arrival partnered with ATN to produce Arrival Buses in connection with a $2.0 million grant ATN received from the FTA.

 

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The Arrival Bus is designed for use by public and private transit operators, with an estimated initial addressable market of 131,000 units by 2025, representing $40 billion. When including the addressable market for ICE commercial buses, Arrival believes its total addressable market increases to approximately $154 billion. Arrival has entered into non-binding orders, letters of intent and memorandums of understanding with potential customers to purchase Arrival Buses, which are expected to start production in the second quarter of 2022.

On November 4, 2019, Arrival and HKMC entered into an agreement to jointly develop vehicles using Arrival’s technologies. This partnership will leverage the use of Arrival’s microfactories and software innovation. Arrival will benefit from HKMC’s global footprint and economies of scale with the aim to reduce the cost of components.

The joint development agreement will expire on November 3, 2024. This development agreement prevents Arrival from developing EVs with other traditional OEMs until November 3, 2022.

The Business Combination and Other Recent Developments

On March 24, 2021, the Business Combination was consummated. As part of the Business Combination:

 

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the existing ordinary and preferred shareholders of Arrival Luxembourg SARL contributed their respective equity interests in Arrival Luxembourg SARL to the Company in exchange for Ordinary Shares (the “Exchanges”);

 

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following the Exchanges, CIIG merged with and into Merger Sub and all shares of CIIG Common Stock were exchanged for Ordinary Shares, and, in connection therewith, CIIG’s corporate name changed to Arrival Vault US, Inc. (the “Merger”);

 

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each outstanding warrant to purchase shares of CIIG’s common stock was converted into a Warrant to purchase Ordinary Shares;

 

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each Arrival Luxembourg SARL option, whether vested or unvested, was assumed by the Company and now represents an option award exercisable for Ordinary Shares;

 

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the Arrival Luxembourg SARL restricted shares were exchanged for restricted Ordinary Shares; and

 

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Arrival Luxembourg SARL and CIIG became direct, wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company.

Immediately prior to the Closing., the Private Placement Investors purchased an aggregate of 40,000,000 shares of CIIG Class A Common Stock, for a purchase price of $10.00 per share and an aggregate purchase price of $400,000,000, which shares of CIIG Class A Common Stock were automatically exchanged with the Company for Ordinary Shares in the Merger.

On the closing date of the Business Combination, the Company, certain persons and entities holding CIIG’s Class B common stock and all shareholders of Arrival Luxembourg SARL other than the Arrival Luxembourg SARL employees holding ordinary shares granted under the Arrival Restricted Share Plan 2020 entered into a Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement which provides customary demand and piggyback registration rights and which restricts the transfer of the Ordinary Shares during the applicable lock-up periods, which (i) in the case of New Holders (as defined in the Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement), expired on September 20, 2021; (ii) in the case of Kinetik S.à r.l, is expected to expire on December 31, 2022; and (iii) in the case of CIIG Management LLC and the persons and entities holding CIIG’s Class B common stock, is expected to expire on March 24, 2022. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for further information.

Warrant Redemption

On July 21, 2021, Arrival completed the redemption of all its remaining outstanding 711,536 Public Warrants that had not been exercised as of that date, for $0.01 per warrant. Prior to the redemption, the Company had also

 

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received approximately $140.6 million of cash proceeds resulting from the exercise of 12,225,957 outstanding Public Warrants, each exercisable for one of the Company’s ordinary shares at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. In addition, since June 18, 2021, 4,783,334 private warrants were exercised on a cashless basis resulting in the issuance of 2,048,117 ordinary shares of the Company. The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 614,166,568 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of June 30, 2021 on a pro forma basis giving effect to the completion on July 21, 2021 of the redemption of all of our outstanding public warrants, and excludes:

 

•

6,264,773 Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of Warrants that remaining outstanding as of June 30, 2021 after the giving effect to the redemption described above at an exercise price of $11.50 per share;

 

•

7,487,670 Ordinary Shares issuable on a time basis and 7,090,465 Ordinary Shares issuable on a milestone basis upon exercise of stock options outstanding as of June 30, 2021 with a weighted-average exercise price of $ 7.1955 per share;

 

•

14,750,826 Ordinary Shares reserved for future issuance under the Arrival Share Option Plan 2020;

 

•

Ordinary Shares that will be reserved for issuance under Convertible Notes that are expected to be issued concurrently with this Offering.

Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering

Concurrently with this offering, we are offering $            aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act. In addition, we intend to grant the initial purchasers an option to purchase, for settlement within a period of 30 days, up to an additional $                aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes will be issued pursuant to an indenture, among the Company and                , as trustee. The Convertible Notes will bear cash interest at an annual rate of    % payable on                 and                 of each year, beginning on                , and will mature on                unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes will initially be                Ordinary Shares per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $            per Ordinary Share), subject to adjustment if certain events occur. Before the close of business on the business day immediately preceding                , holders will have the right to convert their Convertible Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. On or after                , holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, Ordinary Shares or a combination of cash and Ordinary Shares, at our election. The Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, for cash at our option at any time, and from time to time, on or after                and on or before the 41st scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per Ordinary Share has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for a specified period of time. The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a “fundamental change,” which term includes certain change of control transactions, holders may require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

In connection with the pricing of the Convertible Notes, we may enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions with one or more of the initial purchasers and/or their respective affiliates, pursuant to the Capped Call Transactions. The Capped Call Transactions cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the Convertible Notes, the number of ordinary shares of common stock initially underlying the Convertible Notes. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilutive

 

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effect on our Ordinary Shares and/or to offset any cash payments in excess of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes due, in each case, upon conversion of the Convertible Notes.

The Capped Call Transactions are separate transactions entered into by us, are not part of the terms of the Convertible Notes and will not change the holders’ rights under the Convertible Notes. Holders of the Convertible Notes will not have any rights with respect to the Capped Call Transactions.

This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities being offered in the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering. We cannot assure you that the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering will be completed or, if completed, on what terms it will be completed. The completion of the offering described in this prospectus is not contingent on the completion of the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering (nor is the completion of the Concurrent Convertible Notes Offering contingent on the completion of this offering).

Key Factors Affecting Operating Results

Arrival is a pre-revenue company and believes that its performance and future success depends on several factors that present significant opportunities for it but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in the section of this prospectus entitled “Risk Factors.”

Product Development

Arrival has four vehicle programs currently under development: the Arrival Bus, Arrival Van, large van and Arrival Car. Arrival expects to commence production of its Arrival Bus in the second quarter of 2022. The Arrival Van is scheduled to start production in the third quarter of 2022. Arrival has made significant progress in the design of its EVs and components parts, as well as in the development of its manufacturing and assembly processes and vehicle and manufacturing technology platform:

 

•

Prototype Arrival Vans have been built and are being tested.

 

•

Buses for public road trials are currently being built.

 

•

Arrival has installed and is running production equipment to manufacture the battery modules used on both the Arrival Bus and Arrival Van.

 

•

Arrival has installed and is running production equipment to manufacture composite panels at its Bicester, UK microfactory.

 

•

Equipment delivery to Arrival’s Rock Hill, South Carolina microfactory is underway. Installation of equipment is expected to be substantially complete in the fourth quarter of 2021.

However, Arrival is striving to successfully complete certain major development activities in order to meet its expected production dates.

Arrival’s team of over 2,400 employees, including engineers, scientists, technicians and staff, is committed to achieving the necessary milestones to meet its current production and commercialization timelines in order to enable the company to achieve its expected production dates. For example, Arrival expects to complete bus product validation and van product validation in the first half of 2022. Validation is a process by which compliance with all regulatory and performance requirements is demonstrated through testing of physical prototypes and occurs as the final step before a vehicle is certified for sale. These milestones are critical to Arrival’s development timelines, though may be subject to unanticipated delays outside of the company’s control such as the ability to obtain sufficient capital to support production.

 

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Capital Requirements

Until Arrival can generate sufficient revenue from product sales, it is dependent on its ability to raise sufficient capital from third party sources, including this offering. Arrival expects to finance its operations with the proceeds from the Business Combination, private placements of its securities, public offerings of equity and/or equity-linked securities, debt financings, collaborations, and licensing arrangements.

Commercialization

Arrival plans to initially market its EVs directly to large van and bus fleet owners through its sales teams in the U.S., UK and Europe. Over time these sales teams will be expanded to cover more regions. Arrival is also developing an online sales tool for small to medium enterprises. Arrival’s customer outreach will be supported through marketing campaigns on Arrival’s website, social media platforms, interviews, podcasts, press releases and potentially physical experience centers to build awareness. Arrival will also work with key partners for additional coverage. Arrival’s marketing strategy is focused primarily on using online methods and positive experiences that generate word of mouth.

Arrival currently has an order from UPS for its Arrival Van for 10,000 vehicles with an option to purchase an additional 10,000 vans, subject to amendment and cancellation by UPS. The total aggregate value of this order is approximately $1.2 billion (€1.0 billion) in revenue (including the option). Arrival has also received non-binding orders, letters of interest and/or memorandums of understanding from several other customers expressing interest in the Arrival Van and Arrival Bus, with total orders, letters of interest or memorandums of understanding of approximately 64,000 vehicles including the 10,000 vehicle order and 10,000 vehicle option from UPS. Although all orders, letters of interest and/or memorandums of understanding are non-binding and subject to cancellation or modification at any time, Arrival believes they demonstrate demand that will potentially lead to binding orders once they begin production of the Arrival Bus and Arrival Van and potential customers are able to see firsthand the performance and value of these vehicles. In July 2021, Arrival and LeasePlan, one of the world’s leading “car-as-a-service” companies, entered into an agreement pursuant to which LeasePlan will be the preferred operational leasing partner for Arrival Vans. Additionally, Arrival and LeasePlan entered into a vehicle sales agreement in September 2021, pursuant to which Arrival agreed to provide LeasePlan with priority to purchase an initial amount of 3,000 vans and LeasePlan agreed on a best efforts basis to purchase such vans. In July 2021, Arrival partnered with ATN to produce Arrival Buses in connection with a $2.0 million grant ATN received from the FTA.

Market Trends and Competition

Arrival Van

The global light commercial vehicle market (3.5 tons and below) is estimated to be between 10-13 million units per year. While the global parc has remained fairly static in recent years, the growing pressure for more clean air zones and environmental commitments from governments has resulted in a growing demand for electric fueled vehicles. An upsurge in customers and fleet operators committing to move away from combustion to electric vans has seen forecasts estimating a 30%-50% penetration by 2030.

While traditional OEM’s like Mercedes-Benz, Ford and Volkswagen have started their transition to EVs, they still have a heavy investment in combustion-fueled vehicles and the shift of diesel powertrains to electric is a slow and expensive process. This has created more demand than supply which has resulted in higher prices for electric vans (50-70% higher cost than combustion vehicles) with limitations on payload and availability. Mercedes recently launched the eSprinter available in one length, with a low range capability and price tag in EU of €60,000. Renault Master and Iveco Daily are the only existing models in the market with similar load capacity to Arrival, but both are redesigns of their diesel counterparts and therefore, heavy and expensive, between €60,000 and €80,000, resulting in very little market penetration to date.

 

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Arrival Vans have the flexibility and payload capabilities of current combustion vehicles and have been designed from the bottom up with customers in mind. Features have been designed not based on historical practice but customer needs and requirements as well as equipping vehicles with advanced software capabilities and upgrades. In addition, Arrival’s strong battery range capabilities are expected to reduce any customer range anxiety and its high standard specification and simplified market approach means Arrival Vans should fit the majority of customer needs. A microfactory set up means we can rely on local supply chains and create vehicles fit for local market requirements without high costs for vehicle and part transportation. Arrival believes as a result of all of these factors, it can produce a light commercial van at a highly attractive price that is closer to prices for combustion vehicles, but with better cargo volume and efficiency than currently available in the market.

Arrival Bus

With an addressable market of over 130,000 vehicles yearly, the transit bus market creates a strong opportunity for Arrival and its innovative product design and technology. The bus market is in need of environmental reform particularly in the following two areas: bus fleets must be converted into zero emission vehicles and a good public transport experience has the potential of lowering the number of private vehicles on the road. Both are imperatives for major cities around the world. However, local governments and operators have reservations about this change, as it represents a significant financial investment and the use of technology that evolves at a fast pace.

Arrival believes the customer centric design and strong dimensions/performance ratio of the Arrival Bus together puts it in a unique position to accelerate needed transit bus reform.

Arrival Car

The Arrival Car will address the global need to shift ride-hailing and car sharing services, with over 30 million estimated drivers across the ride-hailing sector, to electric to reduce emissions and improve air quality in cities. Arrival is also partnering with Uber pursuant to a non-binding memorandum of understanding to develop the Arrival Car. Uber has committed to becoming a fully electric mobility platform in London by 2025 and by 2030 across North America and Europe.

As a typical ride-hailing vehicle will on average drive 45-50,000km a year, versus 12,000km for a typical vehicle, Arrival Car will prioritize driver comfort, safety, and convenience, while ensuring the passengers enjoy a premium experience. With this in mind, Arrival expects to collaborate with Uber drivers in the design process to ensure the Arrival Car reflects the needs of professional drivers and their passengers.

Regulatory Landscape

Arrival is, and will be, subject to significant regulation relating to vehicle safety and testing, vehicle accessibility, battery safety and testing and environmental regulation in the United States, EU, the United Kingdom and other markets. These requirements create additional costs and possibly production delay in connection with design, testing and manufacturing of Arrival’s vehicles. In addition, demand for our vehicles will be heavily influenced by government mandates and the availability of subsidies.

COVID-19

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” and on March 11, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19 include restrictions on travel, quarantines in certain areas and

 

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forced closures for certain types of public places and businesses. COVID-19 and actions taken to mitigate its spread have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which Arrival operates.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve and as variants emerge, the extent of the impact on Arrival’s businesses, operating results, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition will be primarily driven by the severity and duration of the pandemic, the pandemic’s impact on the UK, the U.S. and global economies and the timing, scope and effectiveness of federal, state and local governmental responses to the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in government authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders, and business shutdowns. These measures may adversely impact Arrival’s employees and operations and the operations of its suppliers, vendors and business partners, and may negatively impact Arrival’s sales and marketing activities and the production schedule of its vehicles. In March 2020, Arrival created a committee comprised of 24 members from its human resources, strategy, operations, legal and compliance, and products teams to monitor the overall impact of COVID-19 and manage Arrival’s overall response and guidance moving forward during the COVID-19 pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 and its variants has caused Arrival and many of its suppliers to modify their business practices (including employee travel and recommending that all non-essential personnel work from home), and Arrival and its suppliers may be required to take further actions as required by government authorities or that it determines are in the best interests of its employees, customers, suppliers, vendors and business partners. There is no certainty that such actions will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus or otherwise be satisfactory to government authorities. If significant portions of Arrival’s workforce or suppliers are unable to work effectively, including due to illness, quarantines, social distancing, government actions or other restrictions in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, Arrival’s operations will be impacted. These factors related to COVID-19 are beyond Arrival’s knowledge and control and, as a result, at this time, Arrival is unable to predict the ultimate impact, both in terms of severity and duration, that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on Arrival’s business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, but it could be material if the current circumstances continue to exist for a prolonged period of time.

Key Components of Statements of Operations

Basis of Presentation

Currently, Arrival conducts business through one operating segment. As of the date of this prospectus, Arrival is a pre-revenue company with no commercial operations, and its activities to date have been conducted in Europe and North America. Arrival’s historical results are reported in IFRS as issued by the IASB. For more information about Arrival’s basis of presentation, refer to Note 2 in the accompanying financial statements of Arrival included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Revenue

Arrival has not begun commercial operations and currently does not generate revenue. Once Arrival reaches commercialization and commences production and sales of its EVs which is expected with respect to the Arrival Bus in the second quarter of 2022, and the Arrival Van in the third quarter of 2022, it expects that the significant majority of its revenue will be derived from the direct sale of its commercial electric buses and vans and thereafter other related products and services.

Cost of Revenue

As of the date of this prospectus, Arrival has not recorded cost of revenue, as it has not generated revenue. Once Arrival reaches commercialization and commences production of its EVs, it expects cost of revenue to include vehicle components and parts, including batteries, raw materials, direct labor costs, warranty costs and costs related to the operation of manufacturing facilities.

 

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Administrative Expenses

Administrative expenses consist of the costs associated with employment of Arrival’s non-engineering staff, the costs associated with Arrival’s properties, and the depreciation of Arrival’s fixed assets, including depreciation of “right of use” assets in relation to Arrival’s leased property. Arrival expects administrative expenses to increase as its overall activity levels increase due to the construction and operation of microfactories.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of the costs associated with the employment of Arrival’s engineering staff, third-party engineering consultants and program consumables. Costs associated with development projects such as vehicle programs, component programs and software products are capitalized as intangible assets under construction. For more information about Arrival’s accounting policy for intangible assets, refer to Note 3 in the accompanying financial statements of Arrival included elsewhere in this prospectus. Arrival expects research and development expenses to increase as it continues to develop its vehicles, components, microfactory technology and software.

Impairment Expense

Impairment expense relates primarily to research and development projects which have been capitalized as “assets under construction.” Management of Arrival evaluates the progress of each project every period and if it identifies any difference or change in the initial plan or expected future cash flows that the project will generate, the appropriate impairment amount is recorded to adjust the carrying amount of the development cost. Arrival expects its impairment expense to decrease as Arrival gets closer to the start of production of its vehicles and first generation of revenue from these programs.

Finance Income (Expense), Net

Finance income consists primarily of interest income and both realized and unrealized foreign exchange gains that have been created due to the fluctuation of the exchange rates between the Euro and the various other currencies that Arrival is using for its operations. Finance expense consists primarily of interest calculated on lease liabilities and both realized and unrealized foreign exchange losses that have been created due to the fluctuation of the rate between the Euro and the various other currencies that Arrival is using for its operations.

 

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Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020

The following table sets forth Arrival’s historical operating results for the periods indicated:

 

		Six months ended June 30,								€’000 Changes				% Changes
		2021				2020*
In thousands of euro
Revenue			—				—				—				—
Cost of Revenue			—				—				—				—
Gross Profit			—				—				—				—
Administrative expenses			(73,801	)			(23,405	)			(50,396	)			(215	%)
Research and development expenses			(13,146	)			(6,909	)			(6,237	)			(90	%)
Impairment expense			(1,918	)			(650	)			(1,268	)			(195	%)
Other operating income			1,610				759				851				112	%
Listing expense**			(1,018,024	)			—				—				—
Other expenses			(185	)			(208	)			23				11	%
Operating (loss)			(1,105,464	)			(30,413	)			(1,075,051	)			(3,535	%)
Finance income			96,270				1,795				94,475				5,263	%
Finance cost			(8,616	)			(2,343	)			(6,273	)			(268	%)
Net Finance income/(cost)			87,654				(548	)			88,202				16,095	%
(Loss) before tax			(1,017,810	)			(30,961	)			(986,849	)			(3,187	%)
Tax income/(expense)			(6,295	)			3,834				(10,129	)			(264	%)
(Loss) for the period			(1,024,105	)			(27,127	)			(996,978	)			(3,675	%)
Attributable to:
Owners of the Company			(1,024,105	)			(27,127	)			(996,978	)			(3,675	%)
(Loss) for the period			(1,024,105	)			(27,127	)			(996,978	)			(3,675	%)

 

*	Comparative figures are of Arrival Luxembourg S.à r.l. in accordance with IFRS 2 for reverse merger.

**

As a result of the conclusion of the merger with CIIG, Arrival issued shares and warrants to CIIG shareholders, comprised of the fair value of the Company’s shares that were issued to CIIG shareholders of €1,347 million as well as the fair value of the Company’s warrants of €189 million. In exchange, the Company received the identifiable net assets held by CIIG, which had a fair value upon closing of €534 million. The excess of the fair value of the equity instruments issued over the fair value of the identified net assets received, represents a non-cash expense in accordance with IFRS 2. This one-time expense as a result of the transaction, in the amount of €1,002 million, is recognized as a share listing expense presented as part of the operating results within the Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss. Listing expense also includes €16 million of other related transaction expenses.

Administrative Expenses

Administrative expenses increased €50.4 million, or 215%, from €23.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020 to €73.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to increased wages and salaries as Arrival expanded its headcount of non-engineering staff to support its expanding research and development programs and increased rent and property utilities as it acquired additional properties for use as research and development workshops and office locations.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased by €6.2 million, or 90%, from €6.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020 to €13.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to

 

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